THE  SEVENTY-FIFTH  ANNIVERSARY 

OF  THE  FOUNDING  OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 


A  MEMORIAL  OF 
THE  SEVENTY-FIFTH  ANNIVERSARY 

OF  THE  FOUNDING  OF 
THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

HELD  IN   COMMENCEMENT  WEEK 

JUNE  23  TO  JUNE  27 

1912 


ANN   ARBOR 

PUBLISHED   BY    THE    UNIVERSITY 

1915 


"^..^fr  f- 


COPVRIGHT,   1915,  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 


D.  B.  UPDIKE,  THE  MERRYMOUNT  PRESS,  BOSTON 


PREFATORY  NOTE 

At  a  Meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  Ja?iuary  26, 
1912,  an  editorial  committee,  consisting  of  Professors 
L.  A.  Strauss,  T.  E.  Rankin,  and  F,  N.  Scott  (  Chair- 
7nan),was  appointed  to  prepare  a  commemorative  vol- 
ume. In  the  preparation  of  this  memorial  the  co?nmittee 
has  been  assisted  by  other  members  of  the  Faculties,  to 
whom  general  acknowledgment  is  here  made.  In  par- 
ticular the  committee  is  under  obligation  to  Professor 
J.  R.  Brumm  for  the  account  of  the  celebration  that 
appears  on  pages  171-191,  and  to  Professor  I.  N. 
Demmon  for  valuable  suggestions  and  corrections. 


S0S858 


CONTENTS 

BACCALAUREATE  ADDRESS  page 

THE   RIGHT   REVEREND    CHARLES  S. BURCH  3 

COMMEMORATION   EXERCISES 

COMMEMORATION    ADDRESS 

THE  HONORABLE    LAWRENCE  MAXWELL  27 

CONGRATULATORY    ADDRESSES 

CHANCELLOR    ELMER    E.  BROWN  48 

PRESIDENT   JOSEPH   W.  MAUCK  53 

PRESIDENT   WILLIAM    O.  THOMPSON  57 

SPEECHES  AT  THE  PRESIDENT'S   LUNCHEON 

PRESIDENT   EMERITUS    JAMES   B.  ANGELL  63 

THE  HONORABLE  ANDREW  D.  WHITE  64 

MR.  CHARLES  F.  BRUSH  74 

PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  H.  HOWELL  77 

COMMENCEMENT  ADDRESS 

PROFESSOR    JEREMIAH  W.  JENKS  89 

SPEECHES   AT  THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

SUPERINTENDENT    LUTHER    L.  WRIGHT  117 

PRESIDENT    EMERITUS    JAMES   B.  ANGELL  121 

PROFESSOR   MARTIN    L.  D'OOGE  125 

PRESIDENT    ROBERT    S.WOODWARD  130 

PRESIDENT   ETHELBERT    D.  WARFIELD  137 

THE   HONORABLE    ANDREW   D.  WHITE  142 

LIST  OF  DELEGATES  149 

PROGRAMME  OF  THE  WEEK  157 

HONORARY  DEGREES  163 

c  vii : 


CONTENTS 

AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

BOARD  OF  REGENTS,  AND   MEMBERS  OF  THE 
FACULTIES 


171 


195 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

BACCALAUREATE  ADDRESS 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

BACCALAUREATE    ADDRESS 
THE  RIGHT  REVEREND  CHARLES  SUMNER  BURCH,  D.D. 

[DEUVKRED  in  university   hall,   SUNDAY,  JUNE  23,  8  P.M.I 

JUST  as  from  the  beginnings  of  history  men  have 
been  prone  to  chara6lerize  the  age  in  which  they 
lived  by  a  phrase  expressive  of  the  dominating 
spirit  of  their  time,  so  we  to-day  are  constantly  at- 
tempting to  differentiate  our  age  from  all  previous 
epochs  and  to  give  our  day  its  permanent  setting  in 
the  world's  history.  We  call  it,  according  to  our  view- 
points, an  Age  of  Democracy  or  an  Age  of  the  Ab- 
solutism of  Wealth,  an  Age  of  Brotherhood  or  an 
Age  of  Selfishness,  an  Age  of  Thinking  and  Think- 
ers or  the  Age  of  the  Headline,  an  Age  of  Reform  or 
an  Age  of  Moral  Chaos,  an  Age  of  Opportunity  or  an 
Age  of  Shut  Doors,  a  Materialistic  Age  or  an  Age  of 
Increasing  Spiritual  Apprehension  and  Aspiration. 

You  will  not  gainsay  the  fa6l  that  each  of  these 
confli6ling  views  has  its  considerable  following,  and 
I  am  confident  that  you  will  all  agree  that  we  are 
living  in  an  Age  of  Unrest,  whatever  other  tendency 
may  characterize  our  time. 

In  business,  mighty  proje6ls,  such  as  men  hardly 
dared  dream  of  two  decades  ago,  are  set  on  foot,  and 
we  scarce  have  time  to  give  them  a  moment's  thought, 
so  intent  are  we  in  our  own  struggles  with  the  new, 
changing,  and  often  unfriendly  conditions  of  this  lat- 
ter-day commercial  life. 

In  science,  discovery  treads  on  the  heels  of  discov- 
ery, progress  upon  progress,  and  what  was  regarded 

C  s  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

as  knowledge  yesterday  becomes  negligible  or  obso- 
lete to-day. 

In  the  political  world,  new  and  disturbing  ques- 
tions are  ever  coming  to  the  front,  and  out  of  the 
tumult  of  opposing  opinions  issue  often  greater  un- 
rest and  uneasiness  in  social, economic, industrial, and 
national  affairs.  Do6lrines  and  do6f  rinaires  that  may 
well  give  us  pause,  new  and  strange  and  ill-ordered 
schemes  and  isms  which  menace  society's  well-being, 
all  too  frequently  obtrude  their  unwelcome  presence. 
Empires  become  republics  in  a  day,  republics  turn 
their  faces  backward  another  day  toward  monarch- 
ism  or  despotism,  while  under  the  very  shadow  of  our 
borders  we  hear  much  of  revolution  and  revolution- 
ary proje6ls. 

In  the  sphere  of  religion,  too,  the  troublous  and 
unsettling  waves  of  restlessness  and  unstableness 
ebb  and  flow,  and  ever  and  again  weak,  hesitating, 
bewildered  souls  are  loosed  from  their  moorings 
to  become  the  subje6fs  of  out-and-out  unfaith,  of 
materialism  or  determinism,  of  naturalism,  or  of  a 
paralyzing  fatalism. 

And  this  prevailing  spirit  is  not  peculiar  to,  or  con- 
fined within,  the  borders  of  any  one  nation  or  people. 
We  find  the  temper  of  unrest — the  drift  toward 
upheaval — in  China  as  well  as  in  Mexico,  among 
the  great  European  peoples  as  well  as  in  our  own 
country,  in  India  and  Asia  Minor  as  well  as  in  South 
American  republics.  The  humor  of  restlessness  is 
universal. 

This  is  the  bald  outline  of  a  pi6lure  that  has  made 
some  men  cowards,  more  timid,  and  all  too  many 
C  4   ] 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

pessimists.  They  will  not  look  at  the  reverse  of  the 
pi6lure,  many  refusing  to  believe  that  there  is  any 
other  side,  any  bright  reassuring  side. 

On  this  Lord's  Day  and  in  this  presence,  speaking 
to  you  who  are  so  soon  to  leave  your  Alma  Mater 
for  God-given  tasks  out  in  the  world,  I  venture  to 
challenge  your  attention  to  the  reverse  side  of  the 
pi6lure  and  to  point  and  emphasize  convi6lions  on 
what  I  shall  call  The  Optimism  of  Unrest.  In  the  last 
analysis  the  problems  confronting  us  are  spiritual  in 
their  issues,  though  we  have  to  deal  largely  with  ma- 
terial fa6ls  and  conditions  to  determine  these  issues, 
as  always,  the  material,  or  temporal,  being  merely 
the  shell  or  covering  under  which  lies  the  spiritual, 
the  eternal  truth. 

First,  let  us  state  the  case  of  the  pessimist  even 
more  frankly.  The  voice  of  the  political,  the  social, 
the  educational,  the  religious  pessimist  has  been 
abroad  these  past  few  years  and  is  still  heard, in  some 
quarters  with  more  insistence  than  ever  before,  cry- 
ing corruption ,  retrogression ,  despair.  The  voice  may 
be  ringing  in  your  ears  to-night,  telling  you  of  de- 
moralization and  chaos  in  the  political  world,  of  the 
deadly  lowering  of  standards  in  business  and  social 
spheres,of  a  growing  lack  of  reverence  for  the  things 
your  forefathers  held  sacred.  The  voice  may  be  tell- 
ing you  of  the  submergence  of  the  individual  con- 
science in  corporate  or  pooled  indifference  to  what 
is  just  and  upright,  of  the  appalling  tendency  of  our 
vast  amassments  of  capital  and  skill  and  energy  to 
ignore  legal  statutes  and  the  age-old  discriminations 
set  between  "  what  is  mine  and  what  is  thine ;"  it  may 

C   5   1 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

be  telling  you  of  the  worse  than  disregard  shown  by 
the  capitalistic  employer  for  the  rights  of  the  wage- 
earner  or  of  the  strange  devotion  of  the  wage-earner 
to  a  bondage  of  his  own  choosing,  to  self-imposed 
rules  and  restri61:ions  pointing  a  slavery  more  gall- 
ing than  any  human  slavery  that  has  ever  cursed  the 
earth.  The  voice  may  be  telling  you  of  the  manifest 
impossibility  of  reconciling  and  amalgamating  the 
heterogeneous  mass  of  foreigners  flocking  to  our 
shores,  the  plain  hopelessness  of  the  attempt  ever  to 
develop  out  of  these  chaotic  elements  homogeneity 
or  anything  approaching  a  truer  type  of  American 
citizenship.  The  voice  may  be  telling  you  of  the  pass- 
ing of  the  old-time  broad  culture  and  solid  scholar- 
ship in  our  colleges,  of  what  a  Baccalaureate  orator 
a  few  days  since  called  "our  sleeping-car  universi- 
ties which  stand  for  athletics  and  perspiration  instead 
of  Matthew  Arnold's  high  ideal  of  culture  and  inspi- 
ration." The  voice  may  be  telling  you  of  a  waning 
Christianity  and  a  waxing  materialism ;  of  the  grow- 
ing indifference  of  the  masses  to  religious  teachings 
and  influences  and  associations;  of  the  widening 
chasm  between  the  Church  and  the  workingman, 
of  the  increasing  army  of  men  who  live  without  God 
and  without  hope  in  the  world.  The  voice  may  be 
pouring  into  your  ears  tales  of  industrial  unrest  and 
upheaval,  as  evidenced  by  the  recent  coal  strikes  in 
England  and  America,  the  growth  of  the  social-de- 
mocratic party  in  Germany, the  rise  of  the  syndicalist 
movement  in  France  and  England  and  now  in  Amer- 
ica, the  predicted  attacks  upon  our  judiciary  system 
and  even  upon  our  constitution,  a  prophesied  world- 
C  6  ] 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

wide  uprising  engineered  by  leaders  of  the  syndi- 
calists and  their  followers  to  secure  impossible  con- 
cessions to  the  labor  cause.  The  voice  may  be  inform- 
ing you  that  the  advantages  of  limited  competition  no 
longer  exist,  that  the  trades  and  professions  are  over- 
crowded, and  that  you  who  are  commencing  your 
life  in  real  earnest  this  week  are  at  a  disadvantage  as 
compared  with  your  fathers,  who  started  out  to  win 
success  a  third  of  a  century  ago,  when  smaller  capital, 
less  skill,  and  less  ability  found  a  ready  and  promis- 
ing field  of  exercise  at  the  very  foot  of  the  college 
steps. 

Although  the  pessimist  has  had,  and  still  has,  a 
measurably  reasonable  basis  in  fa 61  for  each  of  his 
plaints, and  although  the  voice  may  be  speaking  much 
of  truth  while  ringing  the  changes  on  the  evils  and 
lacks  and  forebodings  noted,  your  speaker  may  be 
forgiven  for  the  convi61ion  that  the  pessimist  has  had 
his  day,  for  the  convi6lion  that  the  period  of  unrest 
through  which  we  are  passing  holds  promise  and  com- 
pensation, and  that  we  stand  on  this  June  day,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  1912,  on  the  good  firm  edge  of  a 
period  in  which  there  is  ample  justification  for  a  large 
and  intelligent  optimism,  the  exercise  of  which  will 
prove  helpful  and  healthful  in  the  body  politic,  in 
the  social, ethical, educational,  and  industrial  spheres, 
yes,  in  the  broad  fields  of  morals  and  religion  as 
well. 

An  apparent  paradox  stands  at  the  base  of  all  true 
human  development — a  reasonable  contentment  with 
inevitable  conditions  linked  with  a  noble  dissatisfac- 
tion, a  persistent  protest  against  all  things  which  can 

c  7  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

be  made  better ;  contentment  as  the  key  to  self-know- 
ledge and  power,  dissatisfa6lion  and  unrest  as  the 
divine  way  to  vital  growth  and  achievement.  Science 
has  proved  that  dissatisfa6lion  is  the  primal  human 
emotion.  The  babe  is  one  persistent  demand,  and  as 
the  child  life  matures,  demand  multiplies,  becoming 
the  measure,  in  a  large  degree,  of  the  quality  of  the 
life.  The  true  measure  of  man's  greatness  is  found  in 
the  simplicity  and  ready  satisfaftion  of  physical  wants 
and  the  ever-increasing  demands  of  his  spiritual  na- 
ture, the  insatiable  thirst  and  outreaching  for  truth, 
for  the  summum  bonum."  Divine  discontent'*  is  more 
than  a  bit  of  happy  phrase-making ;  it  is  one  of  the 
most  meaningful  statements  and  its  existence  one 
of  the  surest  evidences  of  the  Image  of  God  in  man. 
To  the  mind  of  man,  to  his  spiritual  nature,  has  been 
given  the  capacity  for  almost  infinite  discontent,  and 
by  the  same  token  the  capacity  for  almost  infinite 
development  and  power.  Unfulfilled  desires,  aspira- 
tions, outreachings  of  the  soul  become  the  great 
dynamic  of  man's  life  in  its  higher  aspe6ls.  Perhaps 
Shakespeare  put  the  case  too  strongly  when  he  wrote: 

"  Best  state,  contentless,  .  .  . 
Worse  than  the  worst,  content." 

BrowTiing  strikes  a  truer  note: 

"When  the  fight  begins  within  himself, 
A  man  's  worth  something.  God  stoops  o'er  his  head, 
Satan  looks  up  between  his  feet — both  tug — 
He  's  left,  himself,  i'  the  middle :  the  soul  wakes 
And  grows." 

A  loftier  note  still  is  sounded  by  St.  Paul,  who,  while 
asserting  boldly  that  he  has  learned  the  secret  of  a 

C   8   ■] 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

true  contentment, yet  insists  that  he  must  ever  press 
forward  tohigherunreached  levels  of  spiritual  power, 
thus  touching  the  high  conception  of  contentment  and 
persistent  aspiration  as  complementary  phases  of  the 
same  law  of  human  development. 

From  the  dawn  of  history  unrest  and  dissatisfac- 
tion with  existing  order — by  no  means  always  trust- 
worthy guides — have  ever  been  the  media  by  which 
wrong  has  been  righted  and  progress  attained,  by 
which  man  opens  the  door  to  power  and  realization, 
and  by  which  nations  and  peoples  reach  maturity  and 
arrive  at  their  proper  post  in  the  great  march  of  the 
ages. 

It  was  the  unrest  of  an  oppressed  people  that  ex- 
pelled the  last  of  the  Tarquins  from  his  throne  and 
paved  the  way  for  the  first  Roman  Republic.  It  was 
a  spirit  of  unrest  measurably  like  that  prevailing  to- 
day before  which  the  Republic  and  the  Caesars  fell, 
and  following  which  a  reaftionary  revolution  brought 
in  Caligula,  the  first  of  the  line  of  "imperial  mad- 
men." 

It  was  a  world-unrest  which,  following  the  disso- 
lution of  the  Carolingian  Empire,  prepared  the  way 
for  the  torrent  of  barbarians  sweeping  down  from  the 
North,  and  led  to  the  founding  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire.  It  was  the  unrest  of  Christendom  which, 
aiming  at  corruption  in  Church  and  State,  furnished 
fuel  for  the  Reformation  fires.  It  was  unrest  voicing 
itself  through  the  barons  at  Runnymede  that  forced 
the  great  charter  from  King  John,  and  it  was  the 
same  temper  of  protest  against  injustice  that  brought 
the  passage  of  the  Corn  Laws  in  the  last  century  as 

c  9 : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

well  as  the  laws  restraining  the  premature  exploita- 
tion of  the  child  and  the  employment  of  women  in 
hazardous  and  physically  exhausting  occupations.  It 
was  the  discontent  of  the  French  masses,  emphasized 
by  the  stimulations  of  an  age  which  studied  deeply 
social, economic,  industrial,  scientific,  and  philosophic 
problems,  that  found  voice  in  the  Oath  of  the  Tennis 
Court  and  the  Great  Revolution.  It  was  the  unrest 
of  a  people  whose  longing  for  liberty,  justice,  and  the 
pursuit  of  happiness  under  conditions  of  equal  oppor- 
tunity reached  a  purposeful  intensity  hardly  realized 
in  history  before — it  was  this  type  of  unrest,  ordered 
by  a  supreme  wisdom  and  foresight,  which  inspired 
the  revolt  of  the  American  Colonies  and  the  framing 
of  a  constitution  than  which  no  wiser  document  was 
ever  constructed  for  the  guidance  of  a  self-govern- 
ing community  of  human  beings.  It  was  divine  dis- 
content finding  expression  through  the  courage  of 
such  high  souls  as  Lincoln  and  Phillips  and  Sumner, 
meeting  the  solemn  judgment  of  all  right-thinking 
men — this  it  was  which  removed  the  curse  of  slavery 
from  our  land. 

In  short,  the  proposition  lacks  little  of  the  axio- 
mafic  that  every  worthy  reform  wrought  out  by  man 
in  any  sphere,  in  any  age,  has  been  the  result  of  unrest 
and  discontent,  with  their  attendant  fury  of  debate, 
their  illuminating  probing  and  sifting,  all  leading 
in  the  end  to  maturer  judgment  and  well-direCted 
effort. 

Addison  aptly  put  the  whole  argument  in  these 
lines : 

[  10  -] 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

"The  gods  in  bounty  work  up  storms  about  us, 
That  give  mankind  occasion  to  exert 
Their  hidden  strength,  and  throw  out  into  praftice 
Virtues  which  shun  the  day,  and  lie  concealed 
In  the  smooth  seasons  and  the  calm  of  life." 

To-day  the  storms  of  unrest  are  rising  all  about 
the  world  and  some  men's  hearts  are  failing  them 
for  fear;  but,  as  ever  before,  out  of  these  storms 
is  emerging  a  sturdier  manhood  with  its  hidden 
strength,  its  new  power,  its  more  pragmatic  virtues. 
With  a  faith  born  of  the  plain  logic  of  history,  of  the 
same  optimism,  we  may  calmly  look  for  new  men, 
with  new  wisdom,  new  heroism,  and  finer  judgments 
to  meet  every  crisis  that  may  confront  organized 
human  society. 

Undoubtedly  our  twentieth  century  Jeremiahs  and 
their  disquieting  jeremiads  have  played  a  part,  if  too 
often  it  has  been  an  unlovely  part,  in  furthering  the 
unmistakable  movement  of  reform  that  has  passed 
over  our  land  these  last  few  years,  and  but  for  them 
and  their  plaints  we  should  not  be  reaping  to-day  all 
of  the  benefits  that  have  issued  from  the  notable 
advance  movements,  the  quickened  conscience  of 
the  individual,  the  sharp  awakening  of  the  social  con- 
science, the  manifest  tendency  of  the  great  corpora- 
tions— with  what  has  been  termed  their  "dilution  of 
compounded,  composite,  pooled  morality" — to  bend 
an  ear  to  a  bettered  and  impelling  public  opinion; 
we  should  not  be  opening  our  vision  to-day  to  what 
is  gradually  but  surely  taking  on  the  semblance  of 
a  corporate  conscience,  a  steady  drift  toward  higher 
standards  of  condu6l  in  the  mass,  at  least  as  a  con- 

C  >'  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

cession  to  the  higher  standards  demanded  of  the 
individual. 

As  a  result  of  this  recrudescence  in  morals,  we  find 
unquestioned  testimony  recently  given  to  the  almost 
complete  passing  of  the  iniquitous  system  of  rail- 
way rebates.  We  find  no  less  a  thinker  than  Henry 
L.  Higginson,  in  a  suggestive  paper  on  Justice  to  the 
Corporations,  saying:  "Let  us  begin  anew,  knowing 
that  the  corporations  are  to-day,  as  a  rule,  obeying 
the  laws,  and  knowing  also  that  the  standards  of 
honesty,  honor,  and  fair  dealing  have  been  carefully 
studied  and  are  vastly  higher  than  in  the  last  cen- 
tury." We  find  Professor  Duncan  in  his  book,  The 
Chemistry  of  Commerce,  saying:  "The  Federal  laws, 
supplemented  by  the  laws  of  the  individual  states,  are 
formidable  in  what  they  stand  for,  and  the  attitude  of 
the  people  is  menacing  in  its  determination  that  these 
laws  shall  be  enforced,  as  much  as  pra6licable  elim- 
inating the  whole  process  of  unethical  business."  On 
the  other  side  we  find  the  leading  spirit  of  one  of  the 
largest  combinations  of  capital  for  industrial  opera- 
tions in  the  world  declaring:  "We  desire  above  all 
else  to  obey  every  Federal  and  state  law  existing  for 
the  reasonable  control  of  big  business.  We  gladly 
leave  the  interpretation  of  these  laws  to  the  courts 
established  to  interpret  them ;  we  acknowledge  the 
necessity  for  such  controlling  laws  in  the  matter  of 
large  combinations  of  capital,  and,  further,  we  stand 
for  such  control  of  the  prices  of  industrial  produ6ls 
as  shall  safeguard  the  public  weal  and  bring  about 
a  more  equitable  distribution  of  the  profits  arising 
from  the  joint  produ6ls  of  capital  and  labor."  In  a 

C  12  ] 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

word,  business  is  not  to-day  quite  the  "science  of 
selfishness"  chara6lerized  half  a  century  ago  by 
Ruskin  as  "the  dehumanizing  science  that  reduced 
man  to  a  covetous  machine  fit  to  sit  for  the  portrait 
of  a  lost  soul." 

In  government,  unless  we  are  lost  in  political  pes- 
simism, we  shall  agree  that  never  before  has  the  great 
voice  of  the  people  been  more  insistent  or  better 
obeyed  than  to-day.  Never  before  has  the  rule  of  the 
political  despot  or  boss  suffered  such  discredit  and, 
in  many  parts  of  our  land,  such  total  eclipse.  Hon- 
esty and  efficiency  in  municipal,  state,  and  national 
administration  are  no  longer  political  issues ;  they  are 
popular  demands. 

If  you  ask,  Where  are  the  high-souled  reformers 
who  a  generation  ago  stood  out  in  clear  relief  above 
their  fellows  ?  I  answer,  We  are  a  people  of  reform- 
ers to-day,  the  individual  heart  thrilling  with  the  de- 
sire and  the  demand  to  participate  in  the  great  world 
eflfort  for  betterment,  social,  political,  moral. 

The  problem  of  socializing  and  democratizing  the 
large  aggregations  of  those  widely  differing  peoples 
from  over-seas  who  have  come  to  us  for  homes,  pre- 
sents many  and  grave  difficulties.  Released  from  the 
restraints  of  autocratic  governments,  from  various 
restriftions  and  exa6lions  which  they  regard  as  op- 
pression, they  come  to  us  as  to  a  land  of  complete 
freedom  in  which  all  restraints  may  be  cast  aside, 
all  subje6lion  to  constituted  authority.  Too  often  they 
become,  at  the  outset  at  least,  unconsciously  anar- 
chistic, impatient  of,  if  not  disobedient  to,  all  govern- 
ance. The  seriousness  of  the  problem  is  clear.  But  is 

c  13 : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

there  not  good  ground  for  optimism  here  when  one 
considers  how,  through  some  divine  alchemy,  the 
years  are  gradually  but  surely  working  out  the  solu- 
tion? Think  deeply,  and  ask  yourselves  if  it  is  not 
one  of  the  miracles  of  our  national  career  that  this 
taking  into  our  life  of  millions  upon  millions  of  alien 
peoples,  of  widely  divergent  racial  tendencies  and 
prejudices,  has  not  brought  us  to  chaos  and  revolu- 
tion long  before  this  day  ?  Has  any  other  nation  been 
put  to  or  survived  such  a  test?  If  God  has  destined 
this  country  of  ours  to  be  the  melting-pot  of  the  na- 
tions, He  is  also  steadily  working  His  purpose  out, 
through  the  inculcation  of  the  sense  of  responsibility 
in  citizenship;  through  the  development  of  the  met- 
tle of  patriotism,  love  for  the  new  home  which,  pro- 
viding new  privileges,  also  imposes  new  duties  which 
are  to  be  learned  and  fulfilled;  through  the  satis- 
faction of  the  demand  for  unskilled  labor  here  and 
skilled  labor  there ;  through  the  happy  absorption  of 
hosts  of  these  aliens  into  our  agricultural  life,  mate- 
rially helping  forward  the  hopeful  Back-to-the-Land 
movement,  and  reducing  the  disproportion  between 
industrial  workers  and  agriculturists ;  through  the 
gradual  elimination  of  the  labor  of  women  and  chil- 
dren in  mills  and  mines  and  many  hazardous  under- 
takings. We  have,  too, no  less  an  authority  than  Mich- 
igan's Commencement  orator  this  year,  Professor 
Jenks,  for  the  statement  that  the  new  immigration  is 
showing  a  steady  improvement  on  the  old,  morally, 
physically,  and  mentally.  Further,  we  are  now  told 
by  undoubted  authority  that  the  immigrant  has  not 
been  a  fa6tor  in  lowering  wages;  on  the  contrary, 

c  14  i 


i 


I 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

during  even  the  period  of  our  heaviest  immigration 
wages  have  increased.  When  we  fully  realize  the  al- 
most unbelievable  accomplishment  of  the  past  in  the 
sphere  of  immigration,  why  should  we  timidly  doubt 
whether  wisdom  to  encounter  this  problem  has  died 
out  of  the  nation,  or  question  whether  the  Infinite  has 
given  us  an  impossible  task? 

We  reach  the  climax  of  our  perplexing  problems, 
a  problem  produ6live  of  greater  anxiety  throughout 
the  world  than  any  other,  when  we  face  social  dis- 
content as  expressed  in  recent  developments  in  the 
industrial  world.  Theories  have  been  advanced,  pro- 
pagandist efforts  persisted  in,  and  even  aggressive 
movements  inaugurated  which  are  as  far  removed 
from  what  we  would  now  term  the  conservative  so- 
cialism of  the  passing  generation  as  that  socialism  is 
differentiated  from  the  unquestioned  autocratic  con- 
trol of  capital  over  labor  before  the  days  of  Marx  and 
Morris.  The  leaders  of  the  earlier  crusades  for  social 
reform  have  been  temporarily  overshadowed  by  the 
latest  produ6l  of  class-consciousness  in  its  harshest 
phase,  known  in  France  and  Germany  since  the  days 
of  La  Salle  and  now  appearing  in  our  own  land, 
proposing  a  revolutionary  uprising  which  virtually 
spells  war  upon  society,  by  first  rendering  all  capi- 
talistic effort  unprofitable  and  then  by  expropriation 
of  the  owners  and  their  property  by  the  workers. 
No  argument  is  needed  to  prove  the  unsoundness, 
the  absolute  impracticability  as  well  as  the  utter  dis- 
honesty,of  the  proposal.  Because  of  the  unsoundness, 
the  impracticability,  the  essentially  unmoral  and  un- 
burn anitarian  quality  of  the  movement,  it  will  prove 
C    K5   D 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

—  as  it  is  already  proving — a  rea6lionary  movement, 
a  corre6live  and  balancing  force  tending  steadily  to 
eliminate  the  evils  and  extremes  of  the  enterprise  for 
a  reshaping  of  our  social  system  which  will,  through 
a  wiser  and  increasingly  intelligent  leadership,  ulti- 
mately reach  the  platform  on  which  all  right-think- 
ing workers  and  employers  will  stand — Distributive 
Justice.  And  this  means  the  just  distribution  of  the 
results  of  produ6live  effort  among  those  who  have 
contributed  to  the  produ6lion,  according  to  the  worth 
of  their  contribution,  whether  it  be  physical,  mental, 
or  through  the  employment  of  capital. 

This  new  product  of  class-consciousness,  which  ig- 
nores brotherhood  as  it  sacrifices  morality,  has  failed 
in  France  and  Germany  wherever  it  has  been  tried; 
it  is  losing  its  hold  upon  the  young  workers  of  Wales, 
where  it  first  took  such  a  strong  grip;  it  is  losing 
ground  in  America  and,  wherever  it  has  been  propa- 
gated, has  brought  deeper  thinking  and  saner  a61ion 
on  the  part  of  intelligent  wage-earners  and  their 
wiser  leaders.  And  as  society  grows  (as  it  surely  is 
growing )  in  realization  and  appreciation  of  essential 
truth  and  right,  there  will  come  increasingly  into  the 
consciousness  of  those  to  whom  is  entrusted  the  stew- 
ardship of  wealth,  the  high  call,  if  not  the  pra6fical 
need,  of  such  readjustment  of  the  scale  of  returns 
from  inherited  or  acquired  wealth  as  will  bring  us 
nearer  to  that  juster  social  order  toward  which  or- 
ganized society  is  steadily  moving. 

Such  a  consummation  will  be  reached  through 
fuller  understanding  and  sympathy  between  what  we 
are  pleased  to  call  mass  and  class,  through  a  grow- 
[    16  ] 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

ing  sense  of  inter-dependence,  of  inherently  neces- 
sary inter-relationship,  the  drift  toward  which  spirit 
is  unmistakable  in  many  quarters.  Society  need  not 
stand  in  terror  before  a  class-consciousness,  or  a 
group-consciousness,  which,  while  holding  that  the 
Cooperative  Commonwealth  is  on  the  way  to  modify, 
if  not  to  eradicate,  the  old  tenacious  pleasure  in  ex- 
clusive possession — to  put  the  old  property  greed  to 
shame  by  appeal  to  that  notable  joy  in  sharing  which 
must  supplant  the  joy  of  owning — also  acknow- 
ledges that  the  desire  for  property,  for  accumulation, 
has  been  the  chief  force  that  has  led  man  on  from 
savagery  to  civilization,  the  incentive  to  progress,  the 
base  of  the  family  tie,  the  bond  of  religion ;  further 
declaring  that  it  is  only  that  property  greed  and 
centralization  of  wealth  which  works  lack  of  equal 
opportunity  which  must  be  curbed. 

I  repeat,  society  need  not  fear  this  type  of  class- 
consciousness  any  more  than  it  need  fear  the  class- 
consciousness  of  the  employer  who  frankly  acknow- 
ledges that  there  must  be  a  readjustment  of  the  basis 
of  distribution  of  the  returns  of  capital  and  skill  and 
labor  which  shall  bring  society  step  by  step  nearer 
to  a  veritable  social  justice. 

A  fairer  distribution  of  wealth  and  better  living 
conditions  for  the  workers — these  are  no  longer  the 
shibboleth  of  one  type  of  class-consciousness  but  of 
two  types — the  intelligent  employing  class  and  the 
intelligent  working  class. 

One  of  the  most  potent  factors  working  toward 
this  ideal  is  the  awakening  of  the  race  to  the  mean- 
ing of  Service  which  looms  larger  and  larger  in  the 
C    '7   ] 


I 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Christian  world,  in  the  religious  world,  in  the  broad 
sphere  of  humanitarianism.  It  is  becoming  a  key- 
word for  the  highest  and  best  that  this  life  offers.  The 
primary  and  essential  quality  of  any  interpretation 
of  life  addressed  to  our  generation  is  that  it  must  be 
social.  The  sociological  trend  in  modern  culture  is 
pronounced.  Social  service — the  ministry  to  human- 
ity, the  attempt  to  bring  to  wholeness  those  whose 
lives  are  fraftional — is  more  and  more  claiming  the 
deepest  and  most  truly  altruistic  thought  and  care  of 
mankind  everywhere. 

It  is  a  promising  movement — this  movement  for 
social  betterment — helping  in  a  most  pra6lical  way 
to  bring  society  to  a  realization  of  brotherhood,  to  the 
ideal  of  oneness,  which  are  at  the  very  foundation  of 
pure  religion,  the  religion  which  alone  can  be  the 
solvent  for  our  pressing  social  and  moral  problems, 
the  religion  which  has  everything  to  do  with  morals 
and  therefore  with  economics,  as  both  are  basal  to 
civilization,  the  religion  whose  most  fruitful  issues 
are  selflessness  and  surrender.  All  life  fully  lived 
is  religious,  and  when  we  come  in  conta6l  with  our 
fellows,  when  we  really  come  together  for  good,  it 
is  through  a  common  ideal,  which  is  not  necessarily 
logical  or  scientific,  but  religious,  spiritual,  defying 
analysis  on  any  other  hypothesis  than  that  it  is  the 
spirit  of  God  a61:ing  through  the  soul  of  man. 

In  the  face  of  the  splendid  accomplishment  of  what 
we  call  Social  Service,  we  must  not  forget  that  this 
great  forward-reaching  movement  needs  a  soul,  and 
on  the  quality  of  that  soul  depend  the  lasting  results 
and  life  of  the  movement.  Mr.  Irving  Babbitt  has  re- 
C   18  ] 


I 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

cently  pointed  out  very  clearly  in  his  Literature  and 
the  American  College,  the  intelle6lual  laxity  that  has 
resulted  from  the  swayof  humanitarianism  in  the  two 
phases  represented  by  Bacon  and  Rousseau — the  ex- 
tension of  knowledge  and  the  extension  of  sympa- 
thy. With  convincing  logic,  Babbitt  shows  how  mere 
humanitarianism  inevitably  runs  into  sentimentality 
or  into  scientific  accumulation,  in  neither  of  which 
are  developed  the  power  of  sele6tion  and  wisdom  of 
judgment  which  form  the  basis  of  sound  learning. 
The  argument  holds  good  in  the  sphere  of  service. 
Unless  the  flame  of  a  spiritual  religion  is  kept  burn- 
ing at  the  heart  of  all  our  movements  for  social 
improvement,  they  will  fail  of  that  vitality  and  self- 
perpetuating  quality  needed  to  make  them  lasting 
forces  for  good. 

And  here  again  do  we  find  ground  for  optimism. 
In  spite  of  the  charge  by  men  lacking  in  the  sense 
of  true  perspective  that  religion  is  losing  its  hold 
upon  the  people,  that  the  masses  have  drifted  away 
from  the  Church,  or  the  Church  by  its  aloofness,  its 
lack  of  vision,  its  lack  of  statesmanship,  has  drifted 
away  from  the  masses,  it  is  the  firm  belief  of  the 
religious  optimist  (while  acknowledging  that  the 
cleavage  is  far  too  wide),  that  never  before  in  the 
history  of  the  race  has  vitalized  and  vitalizing  reli- 
gion filled  so  large  a  place  in  the  life  and  thought  of 
mankind. 

It  is  a  day  of  new  religious  significance  and  im- 
pulse, of  forward  movements,  when  the  strongest 
and  the  wisest  men  have  caught  a  firmer  grasp  of 
and  a  clearer  insight  into  the  heart  of  religion,  its 
C    19  n 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

efficiency  in  moulding  chara6ler  and  regenerating 
society  through  the  correcting  of  its  social  malad- 
justments. 

It  is  a  day  when  the  foremost  and  most  epoch- 
making  book  of  our  generation  comes  from  a  phi- 
losopher in  France,  who  compels  the  world  of  think- 
ing men  to  listen  while  he  renders  unthinkable  the 
scientific  agnosticism  of  Spencer  and  Mill,  repudiates 
the  monism  of  Haeckel  and  the  figment  of  sponta- 
neous generation  of  animated  atoms.  Henri  Bergson, 
through  his  great  work,  Creative  Evolution,  has  cen- 
tred the  interest  of  the  intelle6f  uals  and  philosophers 
of  the  world  upon  the  College  of  France — France, 
which  but  a  few  years  ago  expunged  the  name  of 
God  from  its  text-books.  Bergson  is  the  implacable 
foe  of  the  negative  do6lrine  of  materialism,  natural- 
ism, or  mechanical  determinism,  and  he  finally  suc- 
ceeds in  substituting  faith  for  doubt  and  in  supplying 
a  constructive  system  and  philosophy  of  life  calcu- 
lated to  dethrone  French  atheism. 

It  is  a  day  when  the  word  Success  is  being  reinter- 
preted, restated,  and  given  new  values, when  grow- 
ing numbers  of  our  youth  fix  their  thoughts  more 
on  how  to  live  than  on  how  to  make  a  living.  With 
each  passing  day  more  men  are  coming  to  see  that 
success  measured  by  wealth  is  not  success  unless  that 
wealth  secured  honestly  is  used  ethically  for  the  good 
of  society;  that  success  measured  by  power  over  men 
is  not  success  unless  that  power  is  gained  through 
clean  methods  and  exercised  for  unselfish  service; 
that  success  measured  by  the  accumulation  of  know- 
ledge is  not  success  unless  in  some  way  that  know- 

C  20  ] 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

ledge  is  used  to  further  the  progress  of  mankind 
toward  higher  levels  of  thinking  and  living. 

It  is  a  day  when  no  public  evil  or  social  wrong  is 
looked  upon  as  necessary  or  ineradicable — none  so 
fully  entrenched  but  that  strong  men  and  determined 
women  are  quick  to  grapple  with  it,  with  God's  hope 
in  their  eyes  and  God's  strength  in  their  souls,  to 
further  its  destru6lion.  The  phrase  "necessary  evil" 
is  purged  from  the  vocabulary  of  straight-thinking 
mankind. 

It  is  a  day  in  the  fullness  of  time,  for  the  evolving 
of  a  super  race,  a  race  of  supermen  and  superwomen. 
Not  the  unnatural  sinister  beings  connoted  by  the 
Nietzschean  philosophy,  nor  the  vague  imaginings 
of  a  hollow  anthropomorphism,  but  men  and  women 
socially  benignant  and  full-fashioned,  rather  than 
individually  dominant.  The  past  has  concerned  itself 
with  things,  with  building  cities  and  nations  and  in- 
stitutions, making  over  a  world  for  men  to  live  in. 
The  supreme  task  for  this  and  future  generations  is 
to  work  with  men,  moulding  the  plastic  human  clay 
into  finer,  truer,  more  spiritual  forms.  Science  and 
religion  have  been  collaborating  in  the  shaping  of 
the  tools  with  which  to  work  out  this  great  task,  and 
they  have  given  us  many  new  instruments  to  work 
with,  among  them  Eugenics,  the  world-wide  desire 
for  social  adjustment  and  the  freshly  stirred,  God- 
given  impulse  toward  the  perfe6l  development  of  the 
soul's  life. 

Are  not  all  these  great  gains  and  the  legitimate 
subje6l  for  a  reasonable,  genuine  optimism.?  True, 
there  is  still,  and  there  will  be  for  long  years  to  come, 

c  21  : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

political  corruption  to  fight;  there  still  remain  dis- 
honest men  in  business  life  and  greedy  lawless  cor- 
porations to  hold  in  check ;  the  social  world  still  pre- 
sents its  stubborn  problems  showing  that  the  core  of 
its  inner  life  is  far  from  complete  regeneration;  the 
tremendous  problems  of  immigration,  of  labor's  re- 
lations to  capital  and  capital's  responsibility  to  labor, 
are  by  no  means  wholly  solved;  the  phrase  "mass 
and  class  "still  holds  meaning  and  menace;  the  eman- 
cipation of  the  wage- worker  from  injustice  without 
and  within  his  ranks  is  still  to  be  achieved ;  undoubt- 
edly in  education  during  the  past  decade  or  two  the 
emphasis  has  been  laid  upon  occupational  or  voca- 
tional preparation  rather  than  upon  the  finer  culture, 
the  philosophic  discipline  and  nurture  of  the  old  days 
of  classical  study,  and  the  pendulum  is  still  to  swing 
backward  to  a  happier  balance.  These  and  many 
other  grave  social,  legislative,  business,  educational, 
and  moral  problems  confront  you, — the  young  men 
and  women  of  to-day, — but  is  it  not  right  here,  in  the 
heart  of  these  problems,  that  your  broad  fields  of 
opportunity  lie? 

Firmly  do  I  believe  that  never  before  in  the  history 
of  our  nation  has  richer  opportunity  beckoned  to  the 
trained,  disciplined,  forward-looking,  worthily  aspir- 
ing men  and  women  from  our  colleges  than  to-day 
—  to  the  average,  well-rounded,  determined  charac- 
ters on  whom  the  strength  of  a  people  rests,  rather 
than  upon  those  of  exceptional  genius. 

Do  not  be  staggered  by  the  colossal  problems  con- 
fronting you;  do  not  be  blinded  by  the  splendor  of 
your  age's  marvellous  material  accomplishment;  do 

C    22    J 


I 


THE  OPTIMISM  OF  UNREST 

not  allow  the  individual  "I"  to  be  swallowed  up  in 
the  great  "  We"  of  the  mass.  If  society  is  to  be  puri- 
fied and  regenerated,  if  political  life  is  to  be  uplifted 
and  ennobled,  if  the  business  world  is  to  receive  the 
impetus  and  lasting  inspiration  of  higher  standards, 
if  true  religion  is  to  be  furthered,  it  will  be  brought 
about  through  the  outreaching  of  the  individual  con- 
science, through  the  exercise  of  the  individual  cour- 
age, through  the  power  of  the  individual  integrity, 
through  the  religious  consciousness  of  the  average 
man. 

Where  are  those  to  come  from  who  shall  develop 
and  exemplify  these  higher  nobler  virtues,  if  not 
from  our  colleges  and  universities  ?  You  have  been 
taught  the  truth,  and  it  is  through  your  knowledge 
and  the  placing  of  that  knowledge  in  efficient  a6lion 
among  your  fellows  out  in  the  world  that  you  shall 
be  God's  agents  in  helping  to  make  men  free. 

Be  true  optimists;  cultivate  restraint;  strive  for 
vision — for  spiritual  vision,  without  which  men  and 
nations  perish ;  be  true  to  the  traditions  and  teach- 
ings of  this  venerable  institution  in  which  it  has  been 
your  high  privilege  to  be  trained;  determine  from 
this  hour  to  pay  the  debt  you  owe  the  University 
of  Michigan,  and  this  Jubilee  week  shall  indeed  be 
the  commencement  of  lives  of  ever-increasing,  ever- 
widening  influence  for  good  in  a  friendly,  inviting, 
God-inspired  world. 


C   23   ] 


' 


COMMEMORATION  EXERCISES 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

THE  HONORABLE  LAWRENCE  MAXWELL,  LL.D. 

[DEUVERED  in  the  PAVIUON,  WEDNESDAY,  JUNE  26,  10  A.M.I 

IT  is  a  common  saying  that  our  fathers  builded 
better  than  they  knew.  It  might  be  said  with  more 
reason  that  we  have  sometimes  failed  to  appreciate 
their  far-seeing  wisdom .  When  they  established  the 
Republic  they  could  not  forecast  the  growth  in  popu- 
lation, the  expansion  of  territory,  the  development  of 
resources,  the  increase  in  wealth,  and  the  change  of 
conditions  which  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  years 
of  progress  have  brought  forth, but  in  declaring  their 
purpose  to  establish  justice  and  to  secure  the  bless- 
ings of  liberty  to  themselves  and  to  their  posterity 
they  proceeded  on  fundamental  principles  which  time 
could  not  change  or  circumstances  alter.  And  so  when 
they  declared  in  the  great  Ordinance  that  religion, 
morality, andknowledge  were  necessary  to  good  gov- 
ernment and  to  the  happiness  of  mankind,  and  that 
schools  and  the  means  of  education  should  be  forever 
encouraged,  they  recognized  an  immutable  truth, 
and,  while  they  could  not  foresee  the  full  extent  of 
its  beneficent  operation,  they  did  not  build  better 
than  they  knew.  They  laid  a  firm  foundation  for  the 
structure  which  they  and  their  children  have  placed 
upon  it,  and  in  these  days  when  there  is  a  disposition 
to  deal  lightly  with  the  work  of  the  fathers,  it  is  fit- 
ting that  we  should  recall  their  aims  and  purposes, 
and  dedicate  ourselves  anew  to  the  principles  which 
they  espoused.  They  were  not  the  impulse  of  the  mo- 
ment, but  firm  convi6lion  born  of  the  spirit  of  liberty 

c  27 : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

and  matured  by  the  refle6lion  and  experience  of  men 
alive  to  its  blessings  and  a6luated  by  patriotic  devo- 
tion to  the  welfare  of  mankind. 

The  record  of  what  was  done  to  carry  out  the  wise 
and  liberal  policy  of  the  fathers  by  the  men  to  whom 
the  destinies  of  the  territory  of  Michigan  and  of  the 
new  State  were  committed  in  its  early  days  is  a  famil- 
iar chapter.  Let  us  briefly  recall  the  principal  steps.  In 
1804  Congress,  in  pursuance  of  the  assurance  in  the 
Ordinance  of  1 787  that  schools  and  the  means  of  edu- 
cation should  foreverbe  encouraged,  reserved  a  town- 
ship in  what  became  shortly  thereafter  the  territory 
of  Michigan  "for  the  use  of  a  seminary  of  learning,"^ 
and  in  1826  increased  the  grant,  so  that  two  entire 
townships, amounting  to  46,080  acres,  were  reserved 
"  for  the  use  and  support  of  a  university  within  the 
territory  aforesaid  and  for  no  other  purpose  whatso- 
ever.'' ^  These  lands,  except  the  portions  disposed  of 
in  the  meantime  by  the  trustees  appointed  under  the 
territorial  a6ls  of  August  26, 181 7,  and  April  30, 1 82 1 , 
were  granted  and  conveyed  by  Congress  to  the  State 
of  Michigan  on  her  admission  into  the  Union  in  1837, 
"  to  be  appropriated  solely  for  the  use  and  support  of 
a  university,"  and  constituted  the  only  support  of  the 
University,  aside  from  students'  fees,  up  to  1870,  at 
which  time  it  received  its  first  financial  assistance  from 
the  State.  The  constitution  adopted  in  1835  provided 
that  the  legislature  of  the  new  State  should  take  meas- 
ures for  the  prote6lion,  improvement,  or  other  dis- 
position of  these  lands ;  that  the  funds  accruing  from 

'  Act  of  March  26,  1804,  Ch.  35,  Sec.  5,  2  Stat.  277,  279. 
'  Act  of  May  20,  1826,  Ch.  109,  4  Stat.  180. 

c  28 : 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

their  rent  or  sale  should  be  and  remain  a  permanent 
fund  for  the  support  of  the  University,  and  that  it 
should  be  the  duty  of  the  legislature,  as  soon  as  might 
be,  to  provide  efFeftual  means  for  the  improvement 
and  permanent  security  of  the  funds  of  the  Univer- 
sity. At  its  first  session  the  legislature  passed  the  a6t 
of  March  18, 1837, "to  provide  for  the  organization 
and  government  of  the  University  of  Michigan,"  de- 
claring that  its  obje6l  was  '*  to  provide  the  inhabitants 
of  the  State  with  the  means  of  acquiring  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  various  branches  of  literature,  sci- 
ence, and  the  arts,"  and  vesting  the  government  in 
a  Board  of  Regents,  consisting  of  the  governor,  lieu- 
tenant-governor, the  judges  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  chancellor  of  the  State  asex-officio  members,  and 
twelve  members  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor  by 
and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate. 

The  institution  was  located  at  Ann  Arbor,  by 
an  a6t  passed  two  days  later,  March  20,  1837.  We 
therefore  date  the  founding  of  the  University  from  the 
year  1837-  It  was  opened  in  September,  1841,  with 
two  professors,  George  P.  Williams  and  Joseph  Whit- 
ing, and  seven  students.  The  first  commencement 
was  held  on  August  6,  1845,  with  eleven  graduates. 
The  little  company  that  assembled  on  that  historic 
day  in  the  old  Presbyterian  Church  had  not  prophetic 
vision  to  foresee  the  concourse  of  this  glad  morning 
gathered  from  far  and  near  to  celebrate  the  anniver- 
sary of  that  small  beginning  grown  to  a  university 
holding  an  acknowledged  place  among  the  institu- 
tions of  the  world,  with  5582  students  from  every 
state  and  territory  of  the  Union  and  twenty-four  for- 

:  29 : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

eign  countries,  a  faculty  of  486,  and  30,000  alumni, 
increased  each  year  by  the  accession  of  more  than 
1000  graduates.  Only  one  university  in  the  United 
States  has  more  alumni, and  it  had  two  hundred  years 
the  start  of  us. 

In  accounting  for  this  remarkable  growth  we  must 
take  several  faftors  into  consideration,  first  and  fore- 
most among  which  is  the  soundness  of  the  funda- 
mental principle  on  which  the  University  rests.  That 
principle  recognizes  as  matter  of  public  policy  that 
the  education  of  the  people  is  the  proper  fun6lion 
and  duty  of  the  state,  since  it  is  obvious  that  political 
institutions  whose  foundations  rest  on  public  opinion 
cannot  be  secure  unless  the  people  are  educated,  and 
that  public  opinion  to  be  safe  must  be  enlightened. 
This  w^as  the  do6lrine  preached  by  the  early  men 
of  Michigan,  who  constantly  urged  the  importance  of 
giving  to  those  who  were  to  be  the  rulers  of  the  state 
the  means  of  fitting  themselves  for  their  duties. 

When  Michigan  was  admitted  into  the  Union  the 
idea  of  a  system  of  education  under  the  control  and 
at  the  expense  of  the  state,  so  familiar  now,  was  new ; 
public  common  schools  were  unknown  in  many  parts 
of  the  country ;  there  were  no  public  high  schools  in 
a  majority  of  the  states,  and  the  colleges  were  pri- 
vate and  se6larian.  What  would  have  been  the  effe6l 
on  the  Republic  if  such  conditions  had  been  allowed  to 
remain,  the  great  body  of  her  children,  especially  in 
the  undeveloped  north  and  west,  dependent  for  edu- 
cation on  private  charity  and  prepared  for  citizen- 
ship under  the  influence  and  direftion  of  private  cor- 
porations and  religious  se6ls  ?  Michigan  was  the  first 

C  30  ] 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

commonwealth  to  take  efFe6live  steps  to  avert  such 
a  disaster  by  providing  for  a  comprehensive  system 
of  education  under  the  dire61:ion  and  control  of  the 
State,  embracing  primary  schools,  high  schools,  and 
a  university. 

Of  this  educational  system  Judge  Cooley,  who  was 
well  qualified  to  speak,  has  said: 

"Its  founders  took  position  in  advance  of  the 
thought  of  their  day,  and  those  who  followed  them 
have  endeavored  to  give  effe6l  in  full  measure  to 
their  views.  No  commonwealth  in  the  world  makes 
provision  more  broad,  complete,  or  thorough  for  the 
general  education  of  the  people,  and  very  few  for 
that  which  is  equal.  It  has  been  the  settled  conviction 
of  the  people  for  many  years,  that  there  can  be  no 
more  worthy  expenditure  of  public  moneys  than  in 
the  training  of  men  and  women  in  useful  knowledge; 
and  they  have  a6led  upon  that  convi6lion.The  newer 
states  of  the  Union  in  framing  their  educational  sys- 
tems have  been  glad  to  follow  the  example  of  Michi- 
gan, and  have  had  fruitful  and  satisfactory  success 
in  proportion  as  they  have  adhered  to  it.  And  for  all 
that  has  been  accomplished,  Michigan  is  indebted  to 
the  intelligence,  the  unselfishness,  and  the  far-see- 
ing wisdom  of  some  of  its  own  eminent  citizens,  who, 
with  the  public  confidence  for  their  support,  have  not 
waited  for  older  but  more  provincial  states  to  point 
the  way,  but  have  trustfully  moved  on  from  step  to 
step  in  the  dire6lion  of  an  ideal  excellence  which  was 
early  in  their  minds,  and  has  been  steadily  adhered 
to  since. "^ 

*  Tliomas  M.  Cooley,  Micliigan,  p.  328. 

C  31  3 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

It  is  significant  that  when  the  people  came  to  frame 
a  new  constitution  in  1909,  after  seventy-two  years 
of  experience  with  this  educational  system  and  with 
their  University,  they  incorporated  as  part  of  their 
fundamental  law  this  ringing  declaration  of  faith 
taken  from  the  Ordinance  of  1 787 :"  Religion, moral- 
ity, and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good  govern- 
ment and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the 
means  of  education  shall  forever  be  encouraged."^ 

The  success  of  the  University  is  largely  due  to  effi- 
cient organization  and  management  under  wise  pro- 
visions of  law.  This  was  not  accomplished  at  once, 
but  as  the  result  of  experience  with  defe6f  ive  plans. 
Under  the  constitution  of  1835  the  legislature  had 
the  entire  control  and  management  of  the  Univer- 
sity and  the  university  funds,  with  power  to  appoint 
Regents  and  professors  and  to  establish  departments. 
The  inherent  difficulties  of  such  an  organization  soon 
became  apparent,  and  were  brought  to  public  atten- 
tion by  the  messages  of  governors,  reports  of  Regents 
to  the  legislature,  and  by  committees  of  the  legisla- 
ture, the  general  consensus  of  opinion  being  that  the 
University  should  be  under  the  control  of  a  perma- 
nent board  responsible  for  its  management,  and  not 
in  the  hands  of  a  large  and  constantly  changing  legis- 
lative body  chosen  with  reference  to  its  qualifications 
for  other  duties.  As  the  result  of  the  discussion  the 
constitutional  convention  of  1850  provided  that  "the 
general  supervision  of  the  University  and  the  direc- 
tion and  control  of  all  expenditures  from  the  uni- 
versity interest  fund"  should  be  vested  in  a  Board 

*  Constitution  of  1909,  Art.  XI,  Sec.  1. 

C   32    ] 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

of  Regents  to  be  ele6led  by  the  people  for  terms  of 
six  years,  one  Regent  to  be  chosen  from  each  judicial 
circuit.  The  terms  of  all  the  members  expired  at  the 
same  time,  which  was  a  serious  defe6l,  involving  the 
possibility  of  a  complete  change  in  the  Board  through 
the  outgoing  of  all  its  members  and  the  incoming 
of  newly  elected  and  inexperienced  members.  An- 
other defe6l  was  the  ele6lion  of  Regents  by  judicial 
circuits  and  not  by  the  State  at  large.  In  recognition  of 
these  defe6ls  the  constitution  was  amended  in  1861 
so  as  to  provide  for  a  board  of  eight  Regents,  to  be 
chosen  on  a  general  ticket  for  terms  of  eight  years 
so  arranged  that  the  terms  of  two  members  should 
expire  every  second  year.  This  important  change 
was  designed  to  prote6l  the  University  from  dangers 
that  might  spring  from  popular  excitements  and  pre- 
judices or  from  political  convulsions,  and  has  secured 
steadiness  of  plan  and  conservatism  in  management. 
The  independent  position  of  the  Regents  has  had 
much  to  do  with  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the 
University,  which  dates  from  the  time  when  the  new 
se6lions  began  to  take  effe61.  They  have  had  occa- 
sion more  than  once  to  deny  the  power  of  the  legis- 
lature to  interfere  with  their  management  and  con- 
trol and  to  refuse  obedience  to  a6ls  of  the  legislature 
which  they  have  deemed  against  the  best  interests 
of  the  University.  The  Supreme  Court  has  sustained 
them  in  that  position,  and  it  is  now  well  settled  by 
the  decisions  of  the  highest  court  of  the  State  that 
the  constitution  has  placed  the  University  "  in  the  di- 
re6l  and  exclusive  control  of  the  people  themselves 
through  a  constitutional  body  ele61ed  by  them."  Re- 

C  33  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

ferring  to  the  a6lion  of  the  constitutional  convention 
the  Court  said: 

''The  result  has  proved  their  wisdom,  for  the  Uni- 
versity, which  was  before  pra6lically  a  failure,  under 
the  guidance  of  this  constitutional  body,  known  as  the 
'  Board  of  Regents,'  has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  most 
successful,  complete,  and  best  known  institutions  of 
learning  in  the  world/' ^ 

To  the  Board  of  Regents,  therefore,  thus  charged 
with  the  management  and  control  of  the  institution, 
is  due  primarily  the  credit  for  its  success.  And  it  must 
be  remembered  in  this  connection  not  only  that  the 
determination  of  every  question  of  policy  rests  finally 
with  them,  but  that  they  have  had  the  responsibility 
and  are  entitled  to  the  credit  for  the  sele6f  ion  of  the 
presidents  and  faculties  that  have  brought  renown  to 
the  institution.  No  officers  of  the  State  deserve  higher 
honor  than  the  faithful  men  who  have  served  her  as 
Regents,  without  compensation  other  than  the  satis- 
fa6lion  of  having  performed  a  public  service.  They 
have  not  been  wanting  when  necessary  in  boldness 
and  originality  of  policy,  often  involving  changes  in 
traditional  college  usages  for  which  they  were  freely 
criticised  at  the  time  by  those  who  afterward  ap- 
proved and  even  adopted  them.  Their  financial  man- 
agement has  constantly  required  the  skilful  adjust- 
ment of  large  budgets  to  limited  income,  and  has 
been  chara6lerized  by  prudence  and  economy. 

It  was  not  until  1870  that  the  University  began 
to  receive  financial  assistance  from  the  State.  Prior  to 

'  Sterling  vs.  Regents  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  1896,  110  Mich.  369, 
68  N.  W.  253. 

C   34] 


COMMEMOIiATION  ADDRESS 

that  time  it  was  obliged  to  depend  wholly  on  the  in- 
terest of  the  fund  derived  from  the  sale  of  the  lands 
granted  by  Congress  in  1826,  amounting  to  some- 
thing less  than  Ho,ooo  per  annum,  and  on  the  fees 
of  students,  which  were  almost  nominal.  Until  1865 
the  matriculation  fee  was  ten  dollars  and  the  annual 
fee  five  dollars.  In  1866  the  annual  fee  was  raised  to 
ten  dollars  and  the  matriculation  fee  for  non-resi- 
dents to  twenty-five  dollars.  The  first  money  appro- 
priated by  the  State  was  received  shortly  before  the 
commencement  of  President  Angell's  administration. 
In  1871  $75,000  was  voted  for  the  erection  of  Univer- 
sity Hall  and  later  $25,000  for  its  completion.  Special 
appropriations,  generally  for  the  ere6tion  of  build- 
ings and  sometimes  in  large  amounts,  have  been  made 
from  time  to  time  since  then.  In  1 873  the  policy,  fore- 
shadowed in  a  statute  of  1867,  which  the  Regents 
refused  to  accept  because  coupled  with  a  proviso  for 
the  appointment  of  a  professor  of  homoeopathy,  was 
adopted,  and  has  been  continued  until  the  present 
time,  of  levying  an  annual  tax  on  all  taxable  prop- 
erty in  the  State  for  the  support  of  the  University,  first 
at  the  rate  of  one-twentieth  of  a  mill,  then  one-sixth 
of  a  mill,  then  one-fourth  of  a  mill,  and  finally  three- 
eighths  of  a  mill,  which  rate  yields  now  $850,000  per 
annum.  To  this  must  be  added  about  $40,000  inter- 
est on  the  fund  derived  from  the  sale  of  the  lands 
granted  by  Congress,  and  about  $350,000  from  stu- 
dents' fees,  making  a  total  annual  income  at  the  pres- 
ent time  of  nearly  $1 ,250,000.  The  salary  disburse- 
ments are  slightly  in  excess  of  $800,000  per  annum. 
The  total  money  received  by  the  University  from 

[  35  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  State  up  to  June  30, 1910,  was  16,910,070. 1  have 
sele6led  that  date  for  purpose  of  comparison  with  an 
inventory  and  appraisement  taken  by  the  Regents 
at  that  time,  which  shows  that  the  real  and  personal 
property  then  on  hand  amounted  to  ^4,152,289.71, 
which  is  within  12,757,780.29  of  the  total  sum  there- 
tofore received  from  the  State;  in  other  words,  the 
net  cost  of  the  University  to  the  State  for  a  period  of 
seventy-three  years,  after  giving  credit  for  the  stock 
on  hand,  was  less  than  $3,000,000,  or  about  one  hun- 
dred dollars  per  graduate,  or  a  still  smaller  sum  if  we 
take  into  account  those  who  enjoyed  the  privileges 
of  the  University  without  graduating.  The  record  is 
a  tribute  to  the  skilful  and  economical  management 
of  the  Regents. 

The  total  donations  to  the  University  from  individ- 
uals amount  to  something  over  1 1,000,000,  which 
appears  small  in  comparison  with  the  gifts  which  col- 
leges conduced  by  private  corporations  have  received 
duringthe  same  period.  But  this  discrimination  is  likely 
to  disappear  as  men  and  women  seeking  channels  for 
their  beneficence  come  to  realize  that  they  can  en- 
trust their  donations  to  the  State  of  Michigan,  under 
guaranties  provided  by  her  constitution  and  laws  and 
by  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  with  abso- 
lute confidence  in  the  securityof  principal  and  income 
and  in  its  application  under  prudent  and  economical 
management  to  the  uses  for  which  it  may  be  given. 

In  1895  the  legislature  passed  two  important  stat- 
utes on  this  subje6l.  The  first  gave  the  Regents  power 
to  take  by  gift,  devise,  or  bequest,  and  hold  in  per- 
petuity, any  land  or  other  property  in  trust  for  any 

C  36  ] 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

purpose  not  inconsistent  with  the  obje61s  and  pur- 
poses of  the  University/  The  second  provided  that 
whenever  any  money  or  other  property,  of  whatever 
nature  and  kind,  with  dire6lion  or  with  power  to  con- 
vert the  same  into  money,  is  or  shall  be  given  to  the 
Regents  of  the  University  upon  trust  to  expend  the 
income  thereof  in  furtherance  of  any  of  the  obje61:s 
of  the  University,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Regents 
to  pay  such  money  to  the  State  treasurer;  that  inter- 
est at  the  rate  of  four  per  cent  per  annum  shall  be 
paid  thereon  by  the  State  treasurer  to  the  treasurer 
of  the  University  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  the 
month  next  after  the  moneys  have  been  received 
by  the  State  treasurer,  and  that  the  interest  so  paid 
"  shall  be  expended  by  the  Regents  in  stri6l  accord- 
ance with  the  terms  of  the  trust  upon  which  the 
money  or  other  property  was  originally  given,  and  in 
no  other  manner/"* 

The  constitution  of  1 909  provides,  as  did  the  con- 
stitution of  18  50,  that  the  proceeds  of  all  lands  or  other 
property  given  by  individuals  for  educational  pur- 
poses "shall  be  and  remain  a  perpetual  fund,  the 
interest  and  income  of  which,  together  with  the 
rents  of  all  such  lands  as  may  remain  unsold,  shall  be 
inviolably  appropriated  and  annually  applied  to  the 
specific  obje6ls  of  the  original  gift,  grant,  or  appro- 
priation/'^ This  constitutional  guaranty  is  in  turn 
prote6led  by  the  provision  of  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States  that  no  state  shall  pass  any  law  impair- 

'  Act  of  March  26,  1895,  No.  36,  Compiled  Lawsof  1897,  Vol.  I,  Sec.1809. 
'  Act  of  May  1 1 ,  1895,  No.  140,  Compiled  Laws  of  1897,  Vol.  I,  Sees.  86, 87. 
'Constitutionof  1909,  Art.  Xl.Sec.  11. 

C  37  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

ing  the  obligation  of  contra6is.  No  more  perfe6l  or 
secure  plan  for  receiving  and  executing  trusts  to  edu- 
cational uses  can  be  imagined. 

Seventy-five  years  ago  the  general  government 
made  the  State  trustee  for  the  benefit  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  property  which  yields  now  an  annual  income 
of  nearly  |4o,ooo.Not  apenny  of  the  interest  or  prin- 
cipal of  that  fund  has  been  lost  or  misappropriated.^ 
The  State  has  faithfully  observed  its  duty  as  trustee, 
and  may  be  relied  upon  to  execute  with  equal  fidelity 
whatever  trusts  are  confided  to  it  by  private  donors. 

But  constitutions  and  laws  and  corporate  organiza- 
tion, however  perfe6l,  would  be  of  little  avail  with- 
out the  presidents  and  faculties  who  have  made  the 
University  a  living  thing,  and  to  them,  therefore, 
we  may  justly  give  the  largest  share  of  credit  for  its 
success.  As  we  call  the  roll,  what  precious  memories 
crowd  upon  us  of  great  and  noble  men,  dead  and 
living,  who  have  devoted  their  lives  to  the  highest 
service  of  mankind,  builders  of  the  University  and 
makers  of  inen.  None  is  held  in  higher  esteem  than 
the  distinguished  scholar  and  public  man  who  hon- 
ors the  occasion  by  his  presence,  the  Honorable  An- 
drew D.  White.  He  began  his  brilliant  career  here 
as  professor  of  history  and  English  literature,  and  will 
ever  be  remembered  by  the  University  for  his  ser- 
vices in  the  days  when  its  destiny  was  being  shaped. 

The  constitution  of  1850  contained  a  provision 
which  deserves  more  than  passing  notice  in  view  of 
the  influence  which  it  has  had  on  the  history  of  the 
University.  Prior  to  that  date  there  w^as  no  president. 

'  The  fact  is  stated  on  tlie  authoritv  of  Tliomas  M.  Coolev,  Michigan,  p.  321. 

C   38   ] 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

Suggestions  to  establish  that  office  were  met  as  late 
as  1848  with  a  response  from  the  chairman  of  the 
board  of  visitors  that  it  was  unnecessary  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  American  colleges,  unsuited  to  demo- 
cratic simplicity,  and  likely  to  excite  jealousies  and 
prove  a  cumbrous  clog  in  the  operation  of  the  Univer- 
sity. But  the  members  of  the  constitutional  conven- 
tion of  1850  took  a  different  view,  and  put  into  the 
instrument  which  they  drafted  an  explicit  dire6lion 
to  the  Regents  to  ele6l  at  their  first  annual  meeting, 
or  as  soon  thereafter  as  might  be,  a  president  of  the 
University,  who  should  be  ex-officio  a  member  of 
their  Board  and  *'the  principal  executive  officer  of 
the  University."  The  creation  of  this  constitutional 
office  has  turned  out  to  be  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant features  of  a  marvellously  perfe6l  scheme  of 
organization.  So  great  has  been  the  influence  of 
the  presidents  of  the  University  on  its  destinies  that 
we  are  accustomed  to  divide  its  history  into  periods 
measured  by  the  administrations  of  the  great  men 
who  have  held  the  office.  President  Tappan,  who 
served  from  1852  to  1863,  a  period  of  eleven  years, 
has  justly  been  spoken  of  as  the  founder  of  the  Uni- 
versity, for  he  infused  into  it  new  life,  and  laid  out 
the  bold  and  comprehensive  plans  without  which  it 
might  never  have  emerged  from  the  obscurity  of  a 
provincial  school.  President  Haven  and  A6ling  Presi- 
dent Frieze  supplemented  his  work  during  compara- 
tively short  administrations,  until  in  1871  dawned  the 
auspicious  day  that  brought  to  the  University  the 
President  to  whom  more  than  to  any  other  man 
or  set  of  men  is  due  the  credit  for  its  present  pros- 

C  39  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

perous  condition.  In  very  truth  we  celebrate  to-day 
what  President  Angell  achieved.  When  he  came  to 
the  University  it  had  iiio  students;  when  he  re- 
tired they  numbered  5223.  The  annual  income  in- 
creased during  his  administration  from  ^104,096.44 
to  $1 ,290,000,  and  the  salary  list  from  160,776.67  to 
^706,647.78.  Forty  thousand  persons  studied  at  the 
University  during  his  presidency, and  from  every  cor- 
ner of  the  globe  they  send  greetings  to-day.  Teacher, 
scholar,  editor,  college  president,  diplomat,  orator, 
and  Christian  gentleman,  few  men,  if  any,  in  all  the 
history  of  the  Republic  have  served  her  better,  or 
done  more  to  mould  her  destiny. 

In  his  annual  report  of  just  twenty-five  years  ago 
President  Angell,  in  announcing  that  the  resignation 
of  the  Jay  professor  of  law  had  been  accepted  to  take 
effe6l  on  06lober  1,  1887,  said:  "It  is  with  regret 
that  we  lose  from  our  corps  of  teachers  Professor 
Hutchins,  who  has  rendered  very  valuable  service 
as  a  member  of  the  law  faculty,  and  in  former  years 
as  a  member  of  the  literary  faculty.  The  new  law 
school  of  Cornell  University  is  fortunate  in  securing 
him  as  one  of  its  professors." 

We  were  glad  to  welcome  him  back  in  1895  as 
dean  of  our  law  school,  and  now  we  rejoice  to  greet 
him  as  President  of  the  University.  It  is  easy  to  under- 
stand that  a  university  wdth  nearly  six  thousand  stu- 
dents, six  hundred  teachers  and  officers, departments 
covering  every  field  of  human  knowledge  and  re- 
search, and  an  annual  budgetof  a  million  and  a  quar- 
ter is  not  only  an  institution  of  learning,  but  a  com- 
plex organization  which  calls  for  soundness  of  judg- 

C  40  ] 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

ment  and  extraordinary  powers  of  administration  on 
the  part  of  its  principal  executive  officer,  as  well  as 
broad  and  sympathetic  scholarship.  The  Regents  have 
followed  the  traditions  of  the  past  in  securing  the 
man  best  suited  to  the  requirements  of  the  time.  We 
pledge  our  support  to  President  Hutchins,  assured 
that  his  administration,  so  auspiciously  begun,  will 
not  be  less  fruitful  than  those  of  his  illustrious  pre- 
decessors. 

The  features  of  progress  since  the  semi-centennial 
which  challenge  special  attention  are  the  increase  in 
numbers,  which  has  carried  the  students  from  1572 
to  5582,  the  faculties  from  93  to  486,  and  the  gradu- 
ating classes  from  413  to  1047;  the  ereftion  of  new 
buildings ;  the  growth  of  laboratories,  apparatus,  and 
libraries;  the  increase  of  annual  income  from  the  State; 
the  steady  growth  of  the  Literary  Department,  which 
has  risen  from  459  students  in  1887  to  2153  now, 
or  581  more  than  the  total  number  of  students  in 
all  departments  of  the  University  twenty-five  years 
ago;  the  raising  of  standards  and  extension  of  courses 
in  the  professional  schools;  the  establishment  of  a 
graduate  school  worthy  of  the  name;  wider  useful- 
ness by  the  opening  of  summer  sessions;  increased 
attention  to  art  and  especially  to  music,  with  the 
University  School  of  Music,  the  choral  concerts,  and 
the  May  Music  Festivals  as  important  incidents;  the 
better  organization  of  the  alumni  through  local  asso- 
ciations and  an  advisory  council;  the  gift  of  Alumni 
Memorial  Hall  by  the  alumni  and  of  Arthur  Hill 
Auditorium  by  the  will  of  that  loyal  alumnus  and 
staunch  and  generous  friend  of  the  University. 

c  4.  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

The  raising  of  standards  and  the  extension  of 
courses  in  the  professional  schools  has  been  part  of  a 
general  movement  in  the  interest  of  the  public  on  the 
sound  theory  that  they  are  entitled  to  demand  that 
do61:ors  and  lawyers  shall  be  reasonably  fit  to  exer- 
cise their  vocations  before  entering  upon  them,  since 
they  are  public  callings  which  dire611y  afFeft  the  life, 
health,  and  property  of  the  people.  The  efFe6l  on  the 
professions  themselves  is  not  only  to  keep  incompe- 
tents out,  but  to  raise  the  moral  tone.  It  enables  the 
schools  to  increase  their  efficiency,  and  so  serve  the 
people  better,  by  eliminating  material  that  is  a  dead 
weight;  and  on  the  individual  the  effe6l  is  often  to 
save  him  from  a  life  wasted  by  undertaking  a  call- 
ing for  which  he  is  not  qualified. 

In  the  Medical  Department  sixty  hours  of  credit 
from  the  Literary  Department  embracing  certain  defi- 
nite work  in  physics,  chemistry,  biology,  and  mod- 
ern languages,  are  required  for  admission.  This  gives 
the  medical  student  a  broad  basis  upon  which  he  can 
found  his  professional  knowledge.  Physics,  chemis- 
try, and  biology  are  regarded  as  foundation  stones 
for  the  eredlion  of  the  medical  superstru6lure,  while 
a  reading  knowledge  of  German  and  French,  espe- 
cially of  the  former,  is  deemed  essential  to  the  med- 
ical man  who  would  keep  up  with  the  times.  A  com- 
bined six  years'  course  was  evolved  here  and  begun 
as  an  optional  course  in  1890.  Twenty-five  years 
ago  the  length  of  the  course  was  three  years  of  nine 
months  each ;  now  it  is  four  years,  with  an  additional 
hospital  year  recommended. 

The  Medical  Department  from  its  foundation  has 

C  42  ] 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

been  one  of  the  strongest  schools  in  the  country  in 
point  of  laboratory  equipment.  In  the  English  report 
on  medical  education  in  the  United  States,  known  as 
the  Mosely  report,  it  is  referred  to  as  one  of  the  four 
medical  schools  in  the  United  States  in  which  well- 
equipped  clinical  laboratories  are  a  conspicuous  fea- 
ture. The  methods  of  the  instru6tion  given  in  the  lab- 
oratories of  ba6leriology  and  pathology  are  also  com- 
plimented, as  they  are  in  the  Carnegie  report,  which 
adds  that  the  men  in  charge  are  produ6live  scientists 
as  well  as  competent  teachers,  and  that  there  is  a  large 
library  an  da  good  museum  andother  necessary  teach- 
ing aids.  The  development  of  the  University  Hospi- 
tal is  also  referred  to  in  the  Carnegie  report  as  hav- 
ing been  condu6led  on  fundamentally  sound  lines.  It 
began  in  a  remodelled  dwelling-house  capable  of  ac- 
commodating twenty  patients,  and  from  that  modest 
beginning  has  grown  into  a  teaching  hospital  of  three 
hundred  beds,  with  every  patient  available  for  pur- 
poses of  instru6lion,  in  so  far  as  his  own  welfare 
permits. 

The  Medical  Department  has  furnished  from  its 
graduates  men  of  the  greatest  scientific  and  profes- 
sional attainments,  many  of  whom  have  distinguished 
themselves  both  in  pure  science  and  in  pra6lical  med- 
icine, and  the  faculty  has  contributed  largely  to  the 
advancement  of  knowledge,  it  being  an  unwritten 
law  that  no  man  can  hold  a  chair  who  does  not  prove 
himself  a  produ6live  worker  in  the  profession. 

Twenty-five  years  ago  the  Law  Department  had 
336  students.  Now  they  number  793,  and  with  the 
summer  school  100  more.  The  course  in  1887  con- 

C  43  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

sisted  of  two  years;  it  consists  now  of  three  years, 
with  an  additional  well-organized  course  leading  to  the 
degree  of  master  of  laws.  A  summer  session  cover- 
ing a  period  often  weeks  has  been  added,  and  draws 
into  the  department  some  of  its  best  students. 

In  1887  the  faculty  consisted  of  five  professors  and 
four  special  lefturers;  it  now  comprises  sixteen  men 
giving  their  entire  time  to  the  work  of  instru6lion, 
and  in  addition  eight  non-resident  le6turers  who  deal 
with  special  topics. 

In  1887  the  department  was  still  giving  most  of  its 
instru61:ion  by  means  of  ledlures.  Examinations  were 
not  severe.  Now,  most  of  the  instru6lion  is  by  means 
of  free  class-room  discussion  of  legal  principles  as 
developed  in  reported  cases.  This  method,  while  not 
unlike  that  in  use  in  other  schools,  was  gradually 
evolved  here  through  the  experience  of  its  own  pro- 
fessors. Discussion  of  cases  is  supplemented  in  a  few 
courses  by  the  study  of  texts,  and  in  special  topics  by 
le6lures.  The  present  methods  are  much  more  effec- 
tive than  the  old  in  developing  the  student's  power 
to  analyze  cases,  apply  principles,  and  think  legally. 
The  examinations  are  severe,  and  cover  a  period  of 
two  weeks  at  the  end  of  each  semester.  The  courses 
have  been  closely  correlated  during  the  last  twenty- 
five  years,  have  been  extended  in  scope  and  in  the 
time  given  to  them,  and  as  a  result  much  more  thor- 
ough, intensive,  and  scientific  work  is  being  done. 

In  1887  admission  could  be  obtained  upon  passing 

a  satisfa6lory  examination  in  arithmetic,  geography, 

orthography,  English  com  position,  and  the  outlines  of 

the  history  of  the  United  States  and  England.  Begin- 

C  44   H 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

ning  with  the  present  year  only  those  who  have  suc- 
cessfully completed  a  year  of  work  in  an  approved 
college  or  university  may  be  admitted,  and  it  is  offi- 
cially announced  that  this  will  be  increased  to  two 
years  within  a  short  time.  In  1887  the  library  num- 
bered 9565  volumes;  it  now  includes  32,000  vol- 
umes. 

Most  influential  in  developing  a  high  standard  of 
scholarship  have  been  the  organization  and  publica- 
tion of  the  Michigan  Law  Review  and  several  schol- 
arship societies,  membership  in  which  is  based  purely 
upon  scholarship.  The  Michigan  Law  Review  was 
founded  in  1 902  and  ten  volumes  have  now  been  pub- 
lished. Its  contributors  have  included  distinguished 
scholars  and  lawyers  of  both  England  and  America. 
It  has  a  circulation  throughout  the  country,  and  has 
been  a  great  stimulus  to  scholarship  both  among 
members  of  the  faculty  and  among  the  students. 

The  graduates  of  the  school  in  all  parts  of  the 
nation,  and  especially  in  the  Middle  West,  have  occu- 
pied and  continue  to  occupy  positions  of  distin6lion 
on  the  bench  and  at  the  bar,  and  have  exerted  a  potent 
influence  upon  the  judicial  and  political  history  of  the 
country. 

The  tremendous  growth  of  the  Engineering  De- 
partment, which  was  separated  from  the  Literary 
Department  and  made  a  separate  school  in  1895, 
is  one  of  the  most  striking  incidents  of  our  history 
since  the  semi-centennial.  In  1887  ninety-three  were 
studying  engineering;  now  there  are  1292,  and  with 
the  summer  session  1 357-  Then  the  graduating  class 
numbered  seventeen;  now  228.  For  a  time  the  en- 

[  45  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

gineers  threatened  to  crowd  everything  else  off  the 
campus. 

In  the  founding  of  technical  branches  the  Univer- 
sity was  among  the  earliest  institutions  in  the  coun- 
try ;  among  the  state  universities  it  was  the  first.  In 
the  early  days  the  technical  courses  in  engineering 
were  limited,  which  gave  the  students  abundant  op- 
portunity for  cultural  studies ;  but  as  the  science  of  en- 
gineering developed  it  became  necessary  to  add  more 
and  more  of  technical  subje6ls  to  the  curriculum  to 
the  exclusion  of  cultural  subje6ls,  so  that  the  gradu- 
ate in  engineering  to-day  has  had  little  opportunity  for 
anything  more  than  the  technical  branches  and  con- 
sequently is  not  so  broadly  trained  as  the  engineers 
of  an  earlier  time.  The  trend,  therefore,  of  modern 
engineering  schools  will  probably  be  toward  longer 
courses,  for  the  engineer  of  the  future  must  be  a 
broadly  educated  man,  if  he  is  to  discharge  success- 
fully the  fun6lions  that  are  bringing  him  into  closer 
relationship  with  advancing  civilization  and  the  prob- 
lems of  the  day. 

The  aim  of  the  department  is  to  lay  a  foundation  of 
sound  theory, sufficiently  broad  and  deep  to  enable  its 
graduates  to  enter  understandingly  on  the  future  in- 
vestigation of  the  several  specialties  of  the  engineer- 
ing profession,  and  at  the  same  time  to  impart  such 
knowledge  of  the  usual  professional  pra6tice  as  will 
make  its  students  useful  upon  graduation,  in  subor- 
dinate positions.  The  graduates  have  taken  a  promi- 
nent part  during  the  past  forty  years  in  almost  all  the 
great  engineering  enterprises  in  the  country,  and  in 
the  vast  improvements  which  have  been  carried  out 
C   46  ] 


COMMEMORATION  ADDRESS 

or  planned  for  our  internal  waterways,  the  Missis- 
sippi, Missouri,  and  the  Great  Lakes,  as  well  as  the 
Panama  Canal. 

The  University,  although  a  State  institution  bound 
to  avoid  se61:arian  connection, has  always  recognized 
as  sound  the  enlightened  public  sentiment, expressed 
in  the  Ordinance  of  1787  and  in  the  constitution  of 
the  State,  that  religion  and  morality,  as  well  as  know- 
ledge, are  essential  to  good  government  and  the  hap- 
pinessof  mankind, and  has  steadily  encouraged  every 
Christian  endeavor  for  the  development  of  high  moral 
tone  in  the  young  men  and  women  committed  to  its 
care,  and  for  the  maintenance  of  a  liberal  and  enlight- 
ened Christianity  in  the  general,  highest,  and  best 
use  of  the  term.  Christian  associations  and  churches 
have  continued  to  lend  their  aid  with  ever-increasing 
success  and  interest.  Four  of  the  largest  churches  in 
Ann  Arbor  maintain  assistant  pastors  in  dire6l  efforts 
to  reach  the  students,  especially  during  the  critical 
period  of  their  first  weeks  in  college;  three  guild  halls 
have  been  established,  and  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association  of  the  University,  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  the  State,  has  grown  to  be  the  largest 
student  association  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  with  an 
enrolment  last  year  of  1395  men.  In  this  wholesome 
atmosphere  of  helpful  influence  are  the  young  men 
and  women  of  the  University  prepared  for  life  and 
citizenship.  May  they  remember  the  teachings  of  the 
fathers,  and  their  fostering  mother,  and  may  pros- 
perity and  usefulness  continue  to  be  her  portion. 


[  47 : 


CONGRATULATORY  ADDRESSES 

I 

CHANCELLOR  ELMER  ELLSWORTH  BROWN,  LL.D. 

OF  NEW  YORK  UNIVERSITY 

REPRESENTING  THE  ENDOWED  UNIVERSITIES 

THIS  is  a  new  role  for  me.  After  getting  what 
education  I  could  master,  all  of  it  in  state  insti- 
tutions, and  after  doing  my  turn  of  teaching  in  the 
state  universities  of  the  West, I  find  that  my  one  year 
in  New  York  University  entitles  me  to  speak  for  the 
endowed  institutions  of  the  East.  The  term  of  my  ex- 
perience in  these  two  camps  is  almost  as  sixteen  to 
one,  but  there  is  nothing  of  magic  in  that  ratio.  We 
shall  have  to  look  deeper  for  a  reason  why  New  York 
University  has  the  honor  of  representing  the  East 
to-day  at  this  celebration  of  the  beginnings  of  the 
higher  education  in  the  old  Northwest. 

New  York  University  and  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan belong  to  the  same  decade.  It  was  the  educational 
ideas  and  aspirations  of  the  eighteen-hundred-thir- 
ties  that  went  into  their  making,  and  the  finer  spirit 
of  that  age  was  as  a6live  in  the  new  institution  of  the 
East  as  it  was  in  the  new  institution  of  the  West.  What 
Judge  Woodward  and  Father  Pierce  and  Isaac  E. 
Crary  w^ere  feeling  after  here  in  Michigan  was  the 
ideal  of  Morgan  Lewis  and  John  Delafield  and  Al- 
bert Gallatin  and  Chancellor  Mathews  in  the  city 
of  New  York.  They  sought  to  establish  universities 
which  should  serve  the  American  public  more  per- 
fe6lly  than  any  that  were  then  in  existence.  An  edu- 
cation which  should  be  a  higher  education,  indeed, 
[  48   ] 


CONGRATULATORY  ADDRESSES 

but  should  also  be  a  broader  education ;  an  education 
such  as  Jefferson  had  projected  for  the  Common- 
wealth of  Virginia;  an  education  of  the  people  and 
for  the  people,  in  which  the  people  should  have  pride 
and  confidence.  That  was  the  desired  haven  and  that 
was  the  guiding  star  of  these  adventurers,  both  east 
and  west. 

But  the  history  of  these  two  institutions  has  a  still 
more  intimate  bond  of  conne6lion;  for  it  was  Henry 
P.  Tappan,  who  for  six  years  had  been  Professor  of 
Moral  Philosophy  in  New  York  University,  that  the 
Regents  finally  made  the  first  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan. 

I  am  not  the  only  Michigan  man  now  at  Wash- 
ington Square  and  University  Heights.  Lawrence 
McLouth  of  the  class  of  '87  is  head  of  our  German 
department.  Our  staff  of  administration  is  made  up 
principally  of  men  from  the  smaller  colleges  of  Mich- 
igan. Jeremiah  Jenks  of  '78,  Commencement  Ora- 
tor of  191 2,  casts  in  his  lot  with  us  at  the  opening  of 
the  next  academic  year.  And  all  of  us  together  will 
do  well  if  we  shall  make  any  adequate  return  to  New 
York  for  what  she  gave  to  Michigan  when  she  gave 
to  this  University  her  great  first  President. 

The  difference  between  our  state  universities  and 
universities  privately  endowed  ought  not  to  be  ex- 
aggerated. But  they  are  real  differences,  and  are  not 
to  be  ignored.  The  institutions  of  these  different  types 
have  equally  a  work  to  do,  a  work  which  shall  refle6f  a 
manifold  lustre  upon  our  common  Fatherland.  They 
are  public  institutions  one  and  all.  Those  of  the  east- 
ern state  and  of  the  older  type  have  served  and  are 
C  49   3 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

to  serve  the  Nation  well.  They  have  sent  many  jus- 
tices and  senators  and  presidents  to  Washington. 
It  is  not  at  all  unlikely  that  this  year  again  one  of 
the  most  venerable  among  them  may  furnish  for  the 
White  House  its  tenant  for  a  four-year  term.  Yale 
is  willing,  and  her  offering  may  not  be  refused.  In 
that  event  there  will  be  no  moving  day  at  the  White 
House.  Or  if  a  Harvard  man  should  be  the  chosen 
one,  it  will  be  no  new  experience  to  the  college  nor 
to  the  man.  And  if  it  should  by  any  possibility  be 
Princeton,  why  then,  Princeton,  too,  will  not  forget 
that  she  has  had  her  Madison  there  before,  and  that 
Cleveland  was  bound  to  her  by  peculiar  ties. 

In  other  ways  than  providing  candidates  for  the 
presidency,  the  great  endowed  universities  have  a 
public  service  to  render.  Their  work,  I  cannot  doubt, 
is  a  work  which  they  and  their  kind  alone  can  do. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  great  universities  of  the  states 
have  likewise  a  work  which  they  and  their  kind  alone 
can  do.  Not  only  that,  but  they  have  given  a  new 
trend  and  anew  spirit  to  our  higher  instru6lion,  which 
are  of  incalculable  significance.  It  is  not  too  much  to 
say  that  the  most  conspicuous  fa6l  of  the  past  gen- 
eration in  this  field  is  the  fa6l  that  the  state  univer- 
sities have  found  new  ways  in  which  universities  may 
serve  the  state  and  have  infused  their  new  spirit  into 
the  whole  university  movement  in  America. 

In  recent  years  the  older  institutions  have  been 
free  to  acknowledge  their  indebtedness  to  the  new. 
On  the  day  of  President  Lowell's  inauguration  at 
Cambridge,  President  James  of  Illinois  delivered  an 
address  on  the  spirit  and  the  achievements  of  the 

C  so  ] 


CONGRATULATORY  ADDRESSES 

state  universities.  At  its  close,  President  Eliot  said  to 
the  assembled  Harvard  alumni,  "  Men  of  Harvard, 
there  is  your  competitor  of  the  future." 

The  national  dinner  of  the  University  of  Michigan 
in  the  city  of  New  York  a  year  ago  gave  an  impres- 
sive demonstration  of  the  leadership  which  this  Uni- 
versity has  exercised  in  the  movement  of  the  time. 
Even  to  those  sons  of  Michigan  to  whom  this  demon- 
stration could  not  be  altogether  a  surprise,  it  was  an 
occasion  for  a  great  heart- warming.  A  wave  of  pride 
swept  over  us  at  the  Grand  Review  of  our  own  Alma 
Mater. 

I  cannot  speak  simply  for  those  institutions  I  am 
asked  to  represent  to-day.  I  cannot  speak  as  an  out- 
sider at  all.  We  men  of  the  seventies  and  eighties 
know  that  we  were  students  here  when  President 
Angell  and  his  companion s-in-arms  were  fighting 
the  last  hard  fight  for  the  recognition  of  the  state  uni- 
versity idea  and  for  the  rightful  influence  of  that  idea 
in  our  American  life.  We  saw  them  carry  on  their 
struggle  with  incomparable  poise  and  patience,  with 
all  sweetness  and  enlightenment.  The  first  place  in 
our  affection  and  admiration  went  unswervingly  then 
as  now  to  the  one  great  leader  who  was  for  us  the 
only  Prexy  in  all  the  land.  And  those  who  were  with 
him  were  a  goodly  company.  Was  there  ever  a  gen- 
tler or  a  truer  knight  of  any  academic  crusade  than 
was  Henry  Simmons  Frieze?  And  how  many  other 
names ,  beloved  and  honored ,  crowd  upon  the  memory : 
Cooley,  Prescott,  Ford,  Morris,  Elisha  Jones,  Hins- 
dale, Pattengill,  Walter!  Except  for  the  one  great 
leader,  I  mention  only  a  few  of  those  who  are  gone, 
[  51    ] 


THK  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

and  none  of  those  who  are  still  with  us,  though  fu- 
ture historians  will  count  them  all  of  that  same  high 
fellowship.  If  this  is  the  time  when  words  of  congrat- 
ulation are  to  be  spoken,  we  congratulate  you,  Mother 
of  us  all,  that  these  have  been  the  men  through  whom 
your  words  have  been  spoken,  and  that  having  lost 
men  such  as  these,  you  are  permitted  still  to  go  on 
from  strength  to  strength. 

Mr.  President,  our  loyalty  and  confidence  are  un- 
abated. You  have  followed  the  incomparable  Prexy 
of  our  day,  and  the  University  goes  on  with  never 
a  break  in  its  advance.  You  are  doing  new  things,  the 
value  of  which  we  gladly  recognize.  It  is  your  high 
privilege  to  preside  over  an  institution  already  recog- 
nized throughout  the  world  as  among  the  foremost 
in  the  sisterhood  of  American  universities.  In  their 
diverse  ways  these  institutions  are  all  laboring  for  one 
great  end.  It  is  sometimes  assumed  and  sometimes 
declared  that  the  education  of  a  democracy  must  be 
a  low  education.  Our  American  universities  are  united 
in  the  belief  that  the  education  of  a  democracy  must 
be  a  high  education.  How  shall  an  education  be  both 
high  and  democratic.^  The  answer  to  that  question 
must  be  generations  long.  But  the  hope  of  our  social 
order  hinges  upon  that  answer,  and  American  uni- 
versities will  work  together  unceasingly  that  a  true 
answer  may  eventually  be  given. 


C   52    ] 


CONGRATULATORY  ADDRESSES 

II 

PRESIDENT  JOSEPH  WILLIAM  MAUCK,  LL.D. 

OF  HILLSDALE  COLLEGE 

REPRESENTING  THE  MICHIGAN  STATE  COLLEGES 

It  was  but  yesterday,  as  the  history  of  states  is  meas- 
ured, when  a  patriotic  vision,  a  word  of  a  legislature, 
and  a  traft  of  wild  land  were  the  sole  evidences  that 
the  University  of  Michigan  had  begun  to  be.  We  who 
are  here  to-day  may  well  marvel  at  the  thought  that 
in  a  brief  three-quarters  of  a  century  has  arisen  from 
such  crude  and  seemingly  inadequate  forces  this  mag- 
nificent institution,  intended  to  be, as  it  aftually  is, the 
conservator  of  what  is  best  in  the  life  and  resources 
of  a  commonwealth.  A  fitting  occasion  it  is  for  felicita- 
tion from  all  who  honor  their  land  and  their  fellows. 
Not  least  among  these  are  the  friends  of  the  colleges 
for  which  I  have  the  honor  now  to  extend  genuine 
greetings,  felicitation,  and  Godspeed. 

High  above  the  platform  in  our  University  Hall, 
higher  than  the  ideal  sketchings  of  art  and  learning, 
we  read  this  inscription  from  the  historic  Ordinance 
of  1 787,  aptly  and  forcefully  quoted  by  the  orator  of 
to-day:  "Religion,  morality,  and  knowledge  being 
necessary  to  good  government  and  the  happiness  of 
mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education  shall 
forever  be  encouraged."  Fitly  would  like  prominence 
be  given  a  part  of  the  first  amendment  to  the  Federal 
constitution,  submitted  to  the  legislatures  of  the  states 
in  1789:  "Congress  shall  make  no  laws  respefting 
an  establishment  of  religion  or  prohibiting  the  free 
exercise  thereof." 

c  53  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

These  two  comprehensive  principles,  declared  al- 
most simultaneously  by  the  same  people,  are  con-  ; 
sistent.  The  second,  prohibiting  a  state  church  which 
might  limit  the  freedom  of  the  individual  conscience 
in  its  most  sensitive  and  sacred  sphere,  is  so  far  from 
being  opposed  or  indifferent  to  religion  that  it  throws 
around  it  the  guard  of  the  fundamental  law  of  the 
land,  and  reassures  to  religion  the  vital  place  in  good 
government  to  which  the  Ordinance  had  exalted  it. 

Unhappily,  we  are  prone  to  think  of  church  and 
religion  as  synonymous,  and  a  state  or  institution 
that  has  no  church  is  here  and  there  viewed  as  having 
no  religion.  The  state  may  not  impose  the  forms  and 
creeds  of  any  one  religion  or  church,  but  a  state  wholly 
stripped  of  religion,  which  is  a  taproot  of  the  moral- 
ity that  is  vital  to  its  very  life,  was  most  remote  from 
the  intent  of  the  constitutional  amendment  quoted, 
and  it  is  as  remote  from  the  mind  of  the  most  ardent 
defender  of  state  education. 

Church  colleges,  the  mothers  of  the  higher  educa- 
tion, were  from  the  start  special  agencies  of  religion 
as  represented  by  a  church  broken  into  se6ls,  each 
in  conscience  bound  to  maintain  its  own  concep- 
tions of  religion.  The  state  and  its  schools,  in  due  ||: 
time  taking  over  a  great  part  of  the  prodigious  task  ^ 
of  supplying  an  education  suited  to  a  great  people 
in  a  complex  state  and  national  life,  with  demands 
hopelessly  beyond  the  power  of  a  divided  church, 
have  on  the  one  side  been  charged  with  a  deadening  I 
of  religious  faith,  and  on  the  other  side  have  been 
pressed  by  those  who  identify  religion  with  an  or- 
ganized church  and  insist  upon  an  effacement  of  all 

c  54 ;] 


CONGRATULATORY  ADDRESSES 

religious  activities,  now  and  then  resorting  to  courts 
to  this  end.  It  is  easy  in  this  particular  year  of  grace 
to  talk  about  the  recall  of  judges  and  their  decisions, 
and  one  becomes  bold  to  express  the  feeling  that 
courts  have  in  some  cases  failed  to  draw  clearly  the 
line  between  religion  and  a  church,  and  have  made 
decisions  which  deny  to  the  schools  the  "free  exer- 
cise" of  religion  broadly  defined.  Such  decisions  are 
measurably  the  produ61:  of  an  insistent  public  senti- 
ment at  the  time.  When  in  our  political  evolution 
public  sentiment  may  decree  that  the  religious  side 
of  the  people  shall  come  within  the  range  of  public 
education  of  the  whole  man,  along  with  the  physi- 
cal and  intellectual, — of  course  without  ecclesiastic 
or  sectarian  bias, — the  language  of  the  decisions, 
open  to  diversity  of  interpretation  as  all  language  is, 
will  receive  an  interpretation  consonant  with  public 
sentiment  as  then  expressed.  The  great  subje6l  of 
religion,  which  takes  hold  upon  the  profoundest 
and  most  universal  aspirations  of  our  being,  will  then 
have  its  just  and  avowed  place  in  public  education, 
no  longer,  as  now,  an  incidental  phase  of  philosophy. 
So  much  as  a  prediction. 

The  rise  of  state  education  has  involved  more  than 
a  mere  entry  into  the  field  once  reserved  to  the 
church  schools.  It  has  set  for  them  new  definitions 
of  education,  broader  and  of  a  cost  almost  prohibitive 
for  them.  A  result  has  been  that  the  church  college 
has  attempted  an  impossible  competition — that  of 
providing  the  sort  and  scope  of  curricula  offered  by 
universities  which  are  supported  by  all  the  taxing 
power  of  the  state,  and  adding  the  religious  field 
[  55  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

from  which  the  university  has  been  largely  excluded 
by  influences  already  indicated.  It  should  have  re- 
quired no  inspired  prophet  to  see  that  the  field  in 
which  there  was  no  competition  would  suffer  by  the 
process,  and  it  is  not  toomuch  to  say  that,  while  strain- 
ing their  limited  resources  to  keep  the  pace  in  mul- 
tiplying subje6fs,  costly  laboratories, professional  and 
technical  courses,  the  emphasis  on  religious  training, 
which  chiefly  justifies  the  mission  of  church  schools, 
has  not  commensurately  advanced.  It  is  not  said  or 
believed  that  they  are  a6lually  less  religious,  but  that 
the  relative  emphasis  is  less.  In  late  years  their  tend- 
ency has  been  toward  a  return  to  a  fuller  discharge 
of  their  original  fun6f  ions.  A  second  predi6lion  is  that 
this  tendency  will  mitigate  the  errors  of  competition, 
and  a  frank  admission  will  be  made  that  the  state  can 
and  must  do  some  things  which  the  church  cannot 
and  should  not  attempt. 

Se6ls  as  such  are  less  and  less  in  evidence  in  their 
schools.  They  are  still  ardent  for  education  under 
broadly  religious  influences,  but  are  dire6ling  their 
chief  forces  to  non-se6larian  lines  and  a  citizenship 
of  reverent  faith. 

He  who  said  in  substance  that  religions  are  many 
but  religion  is  one,  put  a  vital  truth  into  a  fitting 
phrase.  Certainly  creeds  are  many  in  name,  but  the 
religious  intuition,  varied  in  expression  by  differing 
conditions  of  men,  is  in  essence  one.  Universal  and 
deep-rooted,  with  or  without  formulated  creed, it  faces 
us  on  every  side.  In  the  era  of  education  upon  which 
we  but  lately  entered,  a  key-note  of  which  is  the  sci- 
entific study  of  the  soul  of  man  as  an  individual  and 
C  56  ] 


CONGRATULATORY  ADDRESSES 

social  being,  with  all  of  his  modes  of  thought,  will, 
and  emotion,  his  natural,  inherited,  and  acquired  as- 
pirations, prediledtions,  and  prejudices,  this  intuition 
cannot  be  evaded.  Would  it  be  a  rash  predi6lion  that 
early  in  another  seventy-five  years  the  state  through 
its  university  will  bring  into  relief  the  nature  and 
essentials  of  the  religious  life  of  its  people,  Jew  and 
Gentile,  Protestant  and  Romanist,  liberal  and  con- 
servative, religionist  and  non-religionist,  and  with- 
out offence  to  either  interpret  the  unity  of  religion, 
as  it  is  attempting  to  prove  the  unity  of  science  and 
philosophy  ?  It  would  be  safely  within  the  cherished 
do6lrine  of  separation  of  church  and  state,  and  in 
accord  with  the  declaration  upon  the  trinity  of  reli- 
gion, morality,  and  knowledge  in  good  government 
and  human  happiness. 

Be  the  future  what  it  may  in  this  respe6l,it  is  the 
high  privilege  and  the  duty  of  all  of  us  to  serve  to- 
gether for  the  good  of  all  the  people ;  and  accept- 
ing your  courteous  invitation  to  participate  here  and 
now,  which  we  interpret  as  a  token  of  your  desire  for 
continued  goodwill  and  cooperation,  we  heartily  re- 
ciprocate, and  pause  where  we  began, with  an  all-hail 
and  Godspeed. 

Ill 

PRESIDENT  WILLIAM  OXLEY  THOMPSON,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

OF  OHIO  STATE  UNIVERSTTY 

REPRESENTING  THE  STATE  UNIVERSITIES 

With  full  recognition  of  the  honor  of  being  per- 
mitted to  speak  for  the  state  universities,  I  am  also 
conscious  of  my  inability  to  do  them  justice  in  pre- 

C   .57   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

senting  their  message  upon  this  occasion,  since  there 
is  such  universal  agreement  as  to  the  influence  of 
the  University  of  Michigan  in  the  development  of 
state  university  ideals  for  the  country.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  each  one,  if  permitted  to  speak  for  it- 
self, would  point  out  some  feature  of  the  education 
here  that  has  been  both  helpful  and  inspiring. 

While  it  is  true  that  the  rapid  and  substantial  de- 
velopment of  state  universities  through  the  Middle 
West  has  been  since  the  great  Civil  War,  it  is  not  to 
be  overlooked  that  from  the  very  beginning  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  has  been  founded  upon  princi- 
ples and  pra6lices  so  thoroughly  American  and  de- 
mocratic as  well  as  sound  educationally  that  it  was  the 
first  to  show  the  results  of  the  state  university  policy. 

It  was  the  first  university  to  grasp  the  central 
fundamental  ideas  in  state  education  and  to  develop 
its  usefulness  to  the  state  by  a  close  and  cordial  rela- 
tion with  all  the  grades  of  public  education.  Here 
the  public  high  school  and  the  university  have  been 
intimately  related  from  the  beginning.  In  pra6li- 
cally  every  state  in  the  newer  West  the  University 
of  Michigan  has  been  held  as  a  model  and  a  stand- 
ard of  efficiency.  During  the  last  quarter  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  when  other  universities  were  coming 
to  their  strength,  this  University  and  the  State  of 
Michigan  were  frequently  cited  as  illustrating  the 
normal  and  happy  relation  between  the  state  and 
higher  education. 

Here  the  ele6five  principle  and  the  principle  that 
the  state  through  the  university  should  provide  an 
education  that  fits  men  and  women  for  all  kinds  of 
C  58   ] 


I 


CONGRATULATORY  ADDRESSES 

public  service  and  for  the  highest  types  of  citizenship, 
found  cordial  support.  The  result  has  been  that  the 
graduates  of  this  University  have  refle61:ed  these 
principles  in  their  citizenship.  In  other  states  they 
have  been  the  a6live  friends  and  supporters  of  public 
education.  The  state  universities  and  public  schools 
alike  rejoice  on  this  occasion  to  pay  a  tribute  to  the 
leadership  and  prestige  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, hi  these  years  of  growth  and  progress  the  Uni- 
versity enjoyed  the  distin61:ion  of  having  many  men 
in  the  Faculty  whose  learning  and  character  were  a 
strong  attra6lion  to  students  in  other  states  as  well 
as  in  Michigan.  Not  the  least  fa6lor  in  this  career 
was  the  leadership  of  a  president  who  for  a  genera- 
tion was  both  admired  and  beloved  by  all  friends  of 
higher  education.  This  occasion  is  the  more  happy 
that  the  most  beloved  of  all  state  university  presi- 
dents, James  Burrill  Angell,  is  here  to  rejoice  with 
us.  In  his  leadership  we  all  follow,  and  for  his  com- 
manding influence  in  American  education  we  are 
profoundly  grateful. 

On  behalf  of  the  state  universities  I  am  happy  in 
bearing  greetings  and  in  extending  congratulations 
upon  seventy-five  years  of  service  in  the  cause  of 
education.  But  I  am  not  less  pleased  in  the  privilege 
of  extending  congratulations  upon  the  fa6l  that  for 
pra6f ically  one-half  of  this  period  the  University  has 
enjoyed  the  advantage  and  distin6lion  of  having  as  its 
president  the  scholar,  the  Christian  gentleman,  and 
the  student's  friend  who,  as  the  years  have  come,  has 
taken  a  place  in  our  aflfe^iions  which  entitles  him  to  be 
called  the  Apostle  John  of  all  American  presidents. 
C  59  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

In  these  seventy-five  years,  long  to  be  remem- 
bered for  the  stress  of  a  Civil  War  that  tested  the  per- 
petuity of  our  institutions  and  of  our  government; 
for  an  unprecedented  national  development;  for  a 
marvellous  growth  in  population  and  the  rapid  rise  of 
great  cities ;  for  the  accumulation  of  fabulous  fortunes 
and  the  unlimited  discussion  of  political,  social,  and 
religious  problems,  the  state  university  has  been  the 
most  potent  fa6lor  in  our  intellectual  life.  In  the  crea- 
tion and  development  of  these  forces  the  University 
of  Michigan  has  long  been  recognized  as  a  safe  and 
honored  leader. 

And  now^,  President  Hutchins,  I  congratulate  you 
upon  the  distin6lion  that  is  yours  in  this  happy  hour. 
An  appreciative  and  grateful  people  rejoice  that  you 
have  been  chosen  in  a  line  of  honorable  and  distin- 
guished service.  May  your  strength  increase  with  the 
years,  and  may  the  University  over  which  you  pre- 
side, gathering  inspiration  from  the  splendid  history 
that  focuses  upon  this  hour,  meet  the  opportunities 
and  duties  of  the  coming  years  in  the  same  loyalty  to 
the  truth,  the  same  love  of  learning,  the  same  devo- 
tion to  the  interests  of  the  students,  and  the  same 
spirit  of  service  to  the  state  that  have  given  it  a  na- 
tional recognition  as  a  beneficent  force  in  American 
education  and  life. 

Again,  on  behalf  of  the  state  universities  that  I 
have  the  honor  to  represent,  permit  me  to  join  in  the 
felicitations  of  the  occasion  and  express  the  hope  that 
the  honorable  record  of  these  seventy-five  years  may 
serve  as  an  introdu61ion  to  a  long  record  of  not  less 
distinguished  service. 

C   60   ] 


SPEECHES 
AT  THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 


I 


SPEECHES 
AT  THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

(IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY,  WEDNESDAY  AFTERNOON,  JUNE  26] 

I 

PRESIDENT  EMERITUS  JAMES   BURRILL  ANGELL,  LL.D. 

MR.  President  and  Delegates :  Our  students  are 
habitually  dire6led  to  this  hall  to  find  the 
treasures  of  learning.  But  when  have  so  many  such 
treasures  been  gathered  here  as  are  now  brought 
by  these  learned  representatives  from  the  colleges 
and  universities  of  our  land  ^  We  beg  to  express  our 
gratitude  to  you  for  manifesting  by  your  visit  to  us 
the  spirit  of  friendship  and  brotherhood  which  now 
binds  together  the  institutions  of  higher  learning. 

It  has  occurred  to  me  that  many  who  are  here  are 
not  aware  how  different,  even  as  late  as  my  earlier 
years,  were  the  relations  of  these  institutions.  They 
lived  in  a  certain  remoteness  from  each  other.  They 
did  not  send  delegates  to  visit  each  other  on  festal 
occasions.  Perhaps  it  would  not  be  unjust  to  say  that 
at  least  in  New  England  there  was  a  certain  rivalry, 
in  some  cases  jealousy,  of  each  other.  The  number 
of  students  in  each  being  small  according  to  present 
standards  of  numbers,  there  was  sometimes  keen 
and  a6five  competition  in  securing  the  graduates  of 
preparatory  schools.  The  appointment  of  the  grad- 
uate of  one  college  to  the  faculty  of  another  was 
almost  unknown.  Consequently  there  was  in  each  col- 
lege a  deleterious  breeding  in-and-in,  and  a  certain 
narrowness  in  the  life  of  many  of  the  institutions. 

How  great  and  how  beneficent  has  been  the 
C   63   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

change, I  need  hardly  say. There  is  now  a  real  friend- 
ship and  intimacy  between  us.  Instead  of  envying 
each  other  the  numbers  in  attendance,  we  seek  to 
learn  of  each  other  how  to  care  for  the  numbers  with 
which  we  are  embarrassed.  We  study  each  other's 
methods  of  instru6tion  and  administration  for  our 
profit.  We  call  bright  young  men  from  each  other's 
body  of  graduates,  to  enrich  ourselves  with  the  spirit 
of  their  training.  We  rejoice  in  each  other's  prosper- 
ity, and  delight  to  find  opportunities  to  express  our 
joy  in  festal  occasions.  We  have  all  come  to  believe 
that  any  really  good  college  or  university  helps  and 
not  harms  any  other  really  good  ones,  so  we  are  all 
with  glad  hearts  cooperating  as  best  we  can  in  doing 
our  duty  to  the  public  and  blessing  the  nation. 

II 

THE  HONORABLE  ANDREW  DICKSON  WHITE,  LL.D. 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  Although  I 
have  never  had  the  honor  to  sit  on  the  benches  of  this 
institution  as  an  undergraduate,  I  have  been  insisting 
for  the  last  half-century  that  the  best  part  of  my  edu- 
cation was  given  me  by  the  University  of  Michigan. 
It  is,  in  fa 61,  just  fifty-five  years  since  I  began  to  re- 
ceive instru6lion  here,  in  a  course  which  lasted  six 
years,  this  course  consisting  of  le6tures  and  other 
instru6lion  in  modern  history,  given  by  me  to  the 
Michigan  undergraduates  of  that  period,  a  course 
which  benefited  me  quite  as  much  as  it  profited  them, 
and,  very  likely,  more. 

The  men  whose  work  had  especially  attracted  me 
C   64  ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

hither  were,  at  first,  two:  Henry  Philip  Tappan,  Pres- 
ident, and  Professor  Henry  Simmons  Frieze,  later 
A6fing  President  of  the  institution.  To  these  were 
added, soon  after  my  arrival  here.  Professors  Cooley, 
Campbell,  and  others,  association  with  whom  I  have 
always  counted  among  the  great  blessings  of  my  life. 

The  members  of  the  Faculty  were  by  no  means  my 
only  instru6iors.  For  a  valuable  part  of  my  education 
was  received  from  my  students,  in  my  own  le(5lure 
rooms  and  elsewhere.  Many  of  these  students  were 
fully  of  my  own  age,  several  were  older,  and  they 
taught  me  well. 

It  had  been  my  fortune  to  receive  instru6lion  in 
my  favorite  subjects  at  sundry  universities  at  home 
and  abroad,  and  I  came  to  Ann  Arbor  with  an  intense 
desire  to  bring  the  teachings  of  history  to  bear  upon 
students,  in  view  of  the  great  crisis  in  our  national 
history,  which  was  then  beginning  to  appear,  and 
which  four  years  later  bloomed  forth  into  the  Civil 
War.  I  wished  especially  to  awaken  these  men  of  the 
future  to  the  duties  of  American  citizenship,  as  taught 
by  the  examples  of  other  nations  which  had  gone 
through  great  troubles,  trials,  and  ordeals,  in  their 
efforts  to  establish  and  maintain  human  liberty.  But 
I  soon  found  that  in  this  awakening  process  my  stu- 
dents were  doing  quite  as  much  for  me  as  I  was 
doing  for  them.  In  a  very  real  sense  they  were  awak- 
ening and  teaching  me.  I  discovered  that  their  ques- 
tions upon  my  leftures  and  quizzes  demanded  learn- 
ing such  as  was  given  neither  at  New  Haven,  Berlin, 
nor  Paris,  and  I  worked  hard  to  grapple  with  them. 
During  our  discussions  my  students  constantly  pro- 
C  65  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

posed  new  questions  and  suggested  new  ideas.  Many 
of  these  youths  were  soon  to  become  judges,  mem- 
bers of  Congress,  presidents  and  professors  of  univer- 
sities, and  one,  indeed,  was  ere  long  to  be  an  honor 
and  an  ornament  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States. 

In  all  this  work  of  mine  I  was  led  by  faith, — faith 
in  two  things :  first,  in  the  future  of  the  newly  es- 
tablished state  universities;  and  secondly,  in  a  great 
work  to  be  wrought  in  the  nation  by  the  states  of 
the  Middle  West.  Hence  it  was  that  I  came  to  believe 
that  working  upon  the  students  in  a  western  state 
university,  especially  in  one  so  vigorous  as  was  this 
University  even  at  that  time,  was  the  best  means  of 
working  on  the  nation  at  large,  in  view  of  the  strug- 
gle then  impending. 

Both  these  articles  of  my  faith  turned  out  to  be 
well  based, — better  based,  indeed,  than  I  had  ever 
dreamed. 

Out  of  the  fa6ls  that  I  have  thus  far  given  many 
subje6ls  might  be  drawn,  but  I  shall  confine  myself 
at  present  to  just  one. 

This  one  thing  is  the  debt  due  this  nation  and  to 
each  and  every  one  of  its  states  by  the  men  whom 
it  has  educated, — debts  as  yet  not  fully  paid.  I  am 
assured  as  a  fa61:  that  this  institution  has  more  of  its 
alumni  on  judicial  benches  and  in  Congress  than  has 
any  other  of  all  her  sister  universities  in  the  whole 
Union.  Now,  this  being  the  case,  I  ask,  what  have 
these  graduates  done,  and  what  are  they  going  to  do 
in  their  positions  of  influence,  in  order  to  make  some 
proper  return  to  their  respe6five  states  and  to  the 
nation  ? 

C   66  ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

As  to  what  they  have  done,  I  can  answer  for  some 
graduates,  and  especially  for  those  whom  I  saw 
go  forth  with  the  army  which  saved  this  Union, 
many  of  them  to  lay  down  their  lives  for  their  coun- 
try. As  for  what  those  now  living  are  to  do,  I  hope 
and  believe  that  they  are  to  render  those  services  to 
the  states  and  the  nation  which  are  now  so  greatly 
needed.  As  graduates  of  this  University  in  former 
days  were  willing  to  die  for  their  country,  I  hope  that 
those  of  the  present  day  will  be  willing  to  live  for  their 
country. 

All  thinking  men  see  that  just  now  various  great 
reforms  are  needed,  and  of  these  I  will  name  three. 
[^Mr.  White  then  spoke  of  reforms  necessary  in  the 
administration  of  civil  and  criminal  law,  and  in  sun- 
dry matters  of  state  legislation,  and  continued,  as  fol- 
lows:^ Finally,  let  me  call  your  attention  to  a  third 
problem,  which,  though  not  a  matter  of  life  and  death 
to  our  civilization,  as  are  the  two  which  I  have  just 
mentioned,  is  one  of  great  and  pressing  importance. 
It  concerns  the  fair  fame  of  this  Republic.  It  has  to 
do  with  the  relations  of  republicanism  and  democracy 
to  sane  opinion  throughout  the  world.  We  are  called 
upon  to  deal  with  it  in  view  of  that  consideration 
to  which  Thomas  Jefferson  referred  as  a  reason  for 
presenting  to  the  world  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence: namely, "  a  decent  regard  to  the  opinions 
of  mankind." 

Pardon  me  for  intruding  upon  you  certain  experi- 
ences of  my  own  bearing  upon  this  subje6l.  Four 
times  during  my  life  I  have  been  asked  to  repre- 
sent my  neighbors  at  a  national  convention  called 
C  67   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

to  nominate  a  candidate  for  the  presidency.  The 
first  of  these  conventions  was  that  which  renomi- 
nated Abraham  Lincohi  at  Baltimore,  in  1 864.  It  was 
held  in  a  theatre  or  opera  house  of  moderate  size. 
The  delegates  and  their  alternates  on  the  floor  out- 
numbered the  spe6lators  in  the  galleries.  Any  dele- 
gate could  be  heard  and  the  discussions  which  took 
place  were  not  prompted  and  not  interrupted  by  spec- 
tators. There  was  nothing  in  it  in  the  nature  of  a  cir- 
cus or  show.  It  was  discussion, — calm,  deliberate, 
wise,  and  therefore  fruitful  in  good  results.  It  was  di- 
re6led  to  the  interest  of  the  whole  American  people, 
and  not  to  the  desire  for  spe6lacular  efFe6ls  by  a  mob 
crowded  into  the  galleries.  I  repeat  and  accentuate 
this  statement:  that  convention  at  Baltimore  in  1864 
was  a  deliberative  body. 

The  next  convention  of  which  I  was  a  member 
assembled  at  Philadelphia  in  1872,  and  renominated 
Ulysses  S.  Grant.  This  convention  was  also  held  in 
an  opera  house  of  suitable  size.  Its  delegates  and  al- 
ternates outnumbered  the  spectators.  It  was  there- 
fore a  deliberative  body.  It  was  conduced  by  calm 
and  thoughtful  men.  It  tolerated  no  interference  from 
the  galleries.  It  was  impressive,  but  not  spe6lacular, 
and  its  conclusions,  like  those  of  the  previous  con- 
vention just  named,  were  approved  by  the  American 
people. 

The  third  convention  to  which  I  was  sent  was  at 
Chicago  in  1884,  and  nominated  Mr.  Blaine.  It  was 
held  in  what  was  called  in  those  days  a  *'  Wigwam," 
and  in  these  a  "  Coliseum."  The  latter  name  seemed 
especially  appropriate,  for  in  it  fundamental  repub- 
C   68   ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNXHEON 

lican  and  democratic  principles  were  butchered  to 
make  an  American  holiday. 

For  it  was  not  a  deliberative  body.  It  was,  in  the 
lowest  sense  of  the  word,  a  *'show."  You  doubtless 
remember  Artemus  Ward's  answer  when  he  was 
asked  regarding  his  principles.  "  Principles.^"  he  an- 
swered,'*  I  ain't  got  no  principles.  I'm  in  the  show 
bizzness."  The  delegates  on  the  floor  of  this  con- 
vention at  Chicago  in  1884  were  outnumbered  more 
than  ten  to  one  by  the  spe6lators.  For  while  there 
were  about  a  thousand  who  had  been  sent  there 
as  members  of  the  convention,  there  were  over  ten 
thousand  in  the  galleries.  The  result  was  that  it 
was  not  a  deliberative  body.  Not  more  than  two  or 
three  of  the  really  important  speeches  were  heard 
beyond  the  platform.  As  a  rule  the  talk  which  was 
heard  was  by  eminent  "fog-horns,"  men  of  more 
lungs  than  brains. 

The  newspapers  spoke  of  the  doings  as  "dra- 
matic." That  was  a  slander  against  the  drama  in  any 
decent  form.  The  proceedings  on  the  whole  were 
farcical.  There  were  acrobatic  tricks,  clownish  tricks, 
ground  and  lofty  political  tumbling  of  various  sorts, 
stimulated  by  the  galleries.  The  galleries  themselves 
assumed  an  important  part,  and  at  times  a  leading 
part.  I  myself  saw  elegantly  dressed  men  and  women 
yelling,  screaming,  whooping,  hissing  speakers  on 
the  floor,  and  at  times  in  hysterics — jumping  up  and 
down  like  peas  on  a  hot  shovel.  I  saw  also  vari- 
ous delegations  trooping  around  the  room,  waving 
sticks  and  flags,  making  themselves  and  their  coun- 
try ridiculous.  The  childish  chara6ler  of  such  per- 
C   69  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

formances  has  recently  attra6led  the  attention  of  that 
eminent  philosopher,  Mr.  Dooley.  In  describing  the 
proceedings  of  both  the  recent  republican  and  de- 
mocratic conventions  to  his  friend,  Mr.  Hennessey, 
he  remarked  in  regard  to  the  trooping  of  delegates 
about  the  room  in  order  to  elicit  the  applause  of  the 
galleries, — "And  then,  Hinnessey,  the  honorable 
dilegates  began  a  game  of  ring  around  the  rosy." 
Mr.  Dooley  in  saying  this  penetrated  profoundly  the 
whole  subje6l. 

It  had,  indeed,  become  mere  child's  play.  Distin- 
guished visitors  from  other  countries  also  looked  on, 
and  it  was  only  their  politeness  which  concealed  their 
contempt  for  these  proceedings,  which  disgraced  both 
republicanism  and  democracy. 

It  was  evident  that  the  interests  of  the  millions  of 
voters  outside  the  convention  were  not  thought  of — 
the  main  obje6l  of  interest  was  the  galleries.  Then, 
too,  came  the  yelling  at  the  mention  of  candidates, 
for  half  an  hour  at  a  time,  and  it  appears  that  this  has 
now  been  increased,  under  the  fostering  influence  of 
the  galleries,  to  very  nearly,  if  not  quite,  an  hour. 
One  important  result  of  all  this  was  that  most  of  the 
best  speakers  could  not  be  heard.  Another  result  was 
that  instead  of  reports  of  the  really  important  com- 
mittees and  speeches  by  thoughtful  delegates,  on 
candidates,  resolutions,  lines  of  policy,  and  claims 
of  different  portions  of  the  Union,  the  space  in  the 
newspaper  reports  was  largely  sacrificed  to  accounts, 
more  or  less  comically  embellished,  of  the  doings  of 
the  galleries  and  the  effe6ls  of  these  doings  on  the 
convention  generally. 

C  70  ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

Do  you  call  this  democratic  or  republican  rule  ?  I 
deny  it.  The  ten  thousand  of  the  swell  mob  of  Chi- 
cago and  adjacent  towns  was  a  barrier  between  the 
convention  and  the  people.  This  mob  in  the  galleries 
evidently  considered  that  their  rights  to*' see  the 
show"  were  paramount  to  the  rights  of  the  American 
people  to  be  represented  in  a  well-ordered  deliber- 
ative convention.  The  gallery  mob,  indeed,  alleged, 
as  the  papers  at  the  time  declared,  that  very  many 
of  them  had  paid  well  for  their  seats,  some  of  them, 
in  fa6l,  according  to  the  same  authority,  twenty, 
thirty,  fifty,  and  even  a  hundred  dollars.  What  they 
wanted,  what  they  considered  they  had  a  right  to, 
w^as  a  show, — in  the  nature  of  a  circus, — and  in  this 
they  insisted  on  taking  part.  The  result  was  that 
the  rights  of  ninety  millions  of  thoughtful  American 
people,  outside  the  convention,  were  usurped  by  a 
mob  largely  from  the  purlieus  of  a  great  city,  seeking 
a  new  form, and  a  very  low  form,of  amusement.  The 
evolution  of  this  idea  is  clear.  On  the  last  night  of  the 
Chicago  convention  in  1884,  when  came  the  nomi- 
nation for  Vice-President,  a  mob  largely  of  roughs 
was  allowed  to  take  possession  of  galleries  near  the 
platform,  seizing  in  many  cases  the  seats  reserved 
for  the  ticket-holders,  and  there  this  packed  mob  apv- 
plauded  those  w^ho  favored  the  Chicago  local  candi- 
date for  the  second  place  in  the  ticket,  and  hissed  all 
those  who  did  not.  Only  one  delegate  ventured  to 
breast  the  storm.  I  mention  his  name,  not  at  all  as  his 
supporter  at  present,  but  for  the  truth  of  history.  That 
man  was  Theodore  Roosevelt.  The  whole  vast  mob 
howled  and  hooted  "  Sit  down !  Sit  down ! ''  It  had  no 

C  71  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

more  efFe6lupon  him  than  your  December  gales  have 
on  the  big  stone  boulder  which  your  Class  of  1 862 
placed  on  the  campus  yonder.  He  stood  calmly  until 
he  had  tired  out  the  yelling  thousands,  and  then  fin- 
ished his  speech  protesting  against  the  mob  which  was 
attempting  to  confiscate  the  rights  of  the  citizens  of 
this  whole  Republic. 

Under  such  circumstances  as  these  I  have  pre- 
sented, a  political  convention  ceases  to  be  a  deliber- 
ative body,  and  this  fa6l  is  in  accordance  with  a  very 
simple  principle  of  physics  and  of  psychology.  It  is  a 
principle  which  leads  to  the  fa6l  that  tonguey  politi- 
cians in  such  a  convention  are  obsessed  and  possessed 
by  a  great  audience  closely  surrounding  them,  ris- 
ing above  them,  pressing  down  upon  them,  and  thus 
shutting  out  the  audience  of  ninety  millions  which  lies 
outside  and  beyond.  It  is  that  fa6t,  as  simple  in  psy- 
chology as  in  physics, in  accordance  with  which  a  blue- 
bottle fly  on  the  window  in  your  room  on  the  Pincian 
Hill  at  Rome  will  obscure  the  vast  dome  of  St.  Peter's 
on  the  distant  hill  of  the  Vatican  beyond.  It  is  a  know- 
ledge of  this  principle  which  leads  managers  of  great 
trust  and  insurance  companies  to  lay  a  ten  dollar  gold 
piece  at  the  seat  of  each  of  its  dire61:ors, — men  who 
perhaps  have  an  interest  of  thousands  of  dollars  in 
the  matters  discussed  at  the  meeting, but  who  forget 
this  distant  interest  and  come  hurrying  down  town 
from  distant  parts  of  the  city,  in  order  to  be  in  time 
to  pocket  the  gold  piece. 

Of  my  fourth  eleftion  as  a  delegate,  about  a  fort- 
night since,  I  will  not  speak  further  than  to  say  that 
I  requested  my  alternate  to  attend  last  week  at  Chi- 

c  72  1 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

cago  mainly  for  the  reason  that,  remembering  my 
past  experiences,  I  felt  that,  if  I  cared  to  waste  time 
in  a  mob  assembled  for  amusement,  I  could  attend 
a  better  circus  at  home.  I  felt  that  were  these  con- 
ventions deliberative  bodies,  as  down  to  a  recent 
period  they  were,  they  would  be  worth  attending.  As 
at  present  conduced,  they  are  simply  the  most  con- 
temptible of  amateur  shows. 

As  to  the  conventions  of  this  year  in  Chicago  and 
Baltimore,  the  reports  in  the  papers  show  that  they  are 
mainly  of  the  old  amateur  circus  sort.  What  the  vast 
majority  of  voters  throughout  the  country  wanted  was 
reports  of  speeches  from  such  men  as  Mr.  Root  and 
Judge  Parker,  and  the  minor  speeches  which  were 
elicited, or  which  ought  to  have  been  elicited, by  them 
from  delegates  on  the  floor.  What  the  voters  wished 
to  know  was  what  currents  of  thought  were  passing 
through  the  minds  of  their  delegates  with  reference  to 
the  great  questions  which  are  now  before  the  Ameri- 
can people.  But  of  all  this  they  got  very  little,  in  fa6l 
next  to  nothing.  Accounts  of  the  "show"  crowded 
out  from  the  newspapers  many  of  the  most  impor- 
tant discussions.  The  whole  was  simply  an  example 
of  Artemus  Ward's  "show  bizzness,"  condu61;ed 
mainly  for  the  benefit  of  a  local  mob.  Do  not  think 
that  I  am  alone  in  censuring  this  disgrace  to  both  the 
great  political  parties.  You  can  hardly  have  forgot- 
ten how,  when  one  of  the  most  eminent  democrats  in 
the  Union  returned  from  the  Chicago  convention  of 
1884,  he  poured  forth,  with  an  eloquence  to  which  I 
can  never  pretend,  his  vexation  and  disgust  at  scenes 
of  this  kind  in  the  convention  of  his  own  party,  and 

C  73  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

declared  that  they  were  a  disgrace  to  American  de- 
mocracy. 

I  trust  that  you  younger  men  now  going  forth  from 
this  great  University,  many  of  you  hoping  to  enter 
public  life,  will  set  yourselves  against  this  whole  cir- 
cus, fog-horn  "show  bizzness" — condu61:ed,  as  it  is, 
mainly  for  the  benefit  of  stockholders  in  **  wigwams  " 
and  coliseums — and  see  that  pains  be  taken  in  the 
future  to  preserve  the  rights  of  the  whole  American 
people.  Thus  alone  can  the  newspaper  organs  of  pub- 
lic opinion  present  the  real  utterances  and  vital  dis- 
cussions of  these  conventions,  unmixed  with  folly  or 
farce.  To  secure  this  consummation  I  would  go  to 
great  length,  and,  indeed,  might  possibly  advocate  a 
statute  which  would  declare  null  and  void  all  nomina- 
tions made  by  a  convention,  either  state  or  national, 
in  which  the  majority  of  the  persons  present  was  not 
composed  of  delegates  and  alternates. 

You  may  consider  that  the  contempt  of  thinking 
lovers  of  liberty  throughout  the  world  for  such  pro- 
ceedings in  nominating  a  Chief  Magistrate  of  the 
United  States  is  of  little  importance.  Such  was  not 
the  feeling  of  Thomas  Jefferson.  I  again  recall  to  you 
that  utterance  of  his,  in  the  most  important  document 
ever  sent  out  by  a  convention  to  the  world — "a  de- 
cent regard  to  the  opinions  of  mankind." 

Ill 

CHARLES   FRANCIS  BRUSH,  LL.D. 

I  FIND  it  a  great  pleasure  to  return  occasionally  to  my 
beloved  Alma  Mater  and  observe  its  steady  growth, 

C   74  ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

intelle6lual  and  material;  the  steadily  increasing 
number  of  its  splendid  buildings  with  their  fine  equip- 
ment; the  thousands  of  magnificent  trees  on  the 
campus  which  were  mere  saplings  when  I  was  a  stu- 
dent here.  My  own  class  tree  is  one  of  the  finest  of 
these,  but  our  class  stone,  which  seemed  a  mighty 
boulder  when  we  brought  it  miles  from  the  country 
with  much  labor  and  expense,  looks  smaller  every 
time  I  see  it.  By  contrast  with  its  environment  it  has 
shrunken  to  insignificance  in  size,  but  the  sentiment 
conne6led  with  it  glows  as  brightly  as  ever. 

Our  University  is  celebrating  the  seventy-fifth 
anniversary  of  its  founding.  Seventy-five  years  is 
a  long  period  in  the  life  of  an  individual,  but  it  is 
youth  in  the  life  of  a  great  university.  Many  Ameri- 
can institutions  of  learning  are  much  older  than 
ours.  Harvard  has  nearly  four  times  our  age  to  her 
credit. 

Let  us  boast,  then ,  not  of  our  age,  but  of  the  accom- 
plishments of  the  wonderful  period  in  which  we  have 
lived  and  grown  great,  and  of  our  part  in  those  ac- 
complishments. 

Seventy-five  years  ago  the  older  colleges  were 
confined  to  a  very  narrow  range  of  instru6lion,  con- 
sisting largely  of  Latin  and  Greek.  Since  that  time 
the  enlargement  of  the  field  of  knowledge  has  been 
greater  than  in  the  preceding  thousand  years;  and 
our  courses  of  instru6lion  have  multiplied  accord- 
ingly, so  that  now  we  offer  to  the  student  for  selec- 
tion enough  courses  of  study  to  occupy  the  best  part 
of  his  lifetime  if  he  were  to  take  them  all.  I  doubt  if 
the  graduate  of  that  period  could  pass  the  entrance 

[  75 : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

examinations  of  to-day  without  first  spending  a  year 
or  two  in  a  preparatory  school. 

It  is  interesting  to  refle6l  that  virtually  all  the 
great  achievements  of  modern  civilization  are  em- 
braced in  the  lifetime  of  our  University.  We  have 
witnessed  the  growth  from  early  infancy  of  the 
world's  vast  system  of  steam  railways,  the  iron  and 
steel  industry,  the  great  chemical  industries,  and  the 
use  of  mineral  fuel.  We  have  witnessed  both  the  birth 
and  development  of  the  mineral  oil  industry  and  the 
use  of  natural  gas ;  of  steam  navigation  and  the  giant 
steel  ships  of  to-day ;  of  the  great  steel  battleships 
with  their  steel  armor  and  their  monstrous  steel 
guns ;  of  mighty  steel  bridges  and  steel  buildings ;  of 
the  telegraph  and  the  telephone ;  of  the  ele6lric  light; 
of  the  ele6lric  railway,  which  has  revolutionized  city 
and  country  life;  of  ele6lric  power  transmission, mak- 
ing available  the  vast  energy  of  our  great  water- 
falls; of  the  steam  turbine,  the  gas  engine,  the  flying- 
machine,  the  automobile,  and  many  other  things.  We 
are  now  witnessing  the  passing  of  the  horse,  the 
nearly  universal  beast  of  burden  and  locomotion  'for 
thousands  of  years.  In  the  realms  of  science  the  dis- 
coveries of  the  last  few  years  are  quite  unprece- 
dented in  a  like  period  of  any  age.  We  are  actually 
learning  something  of  the  stru6lure  of  the  atom  at 
one  end  of  the  scale  of  magnitudes,  and  of  the  con- 
stitution of  the  universe  at  the  other  end  of  the  scale. 

Engineering  achievement  and  scientific  discovery 

seem  to  be  advancing  in  geometrical  progression, 

or  as  some  power  of  the  time  involved ;  and  the  end 

in  any  direction  cannot  be  predi6led.  As  the  fron- 

C   76  ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

tiers  of  discovery  are  pushed  forward,  unlimited  new 
fields  for  exploration  come  into  view. 

While  these  great  achievements  have  been  in 
progress  our  University  has  grown  from  small  be- 
ginnings to  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  very  front  rank 
of  great  American  universities;  and  in  the  advance- 
ment of  knowledge  during  this  unparalleled  period 
we  have  contributed  our  full  share  and  more  than  held 
our  place.  Always  and  everywhere  our  graduates 
are  to  be  found  among  the  leaders  in  all  the  higher 
fields  of  human  endeavor. 

Great  as  we  have  grown,  however,  a  greater 
future  awaits  us.  We  shall  harvest  as  we  have  sown, 
and  must  continue  the  sowing  for  a  yet  greater 
harvest.  All  honor  and  praise  to  the  University  of 
Michigan. 

IV 
PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  HENRY  HOWELL,  M.D.,  LL.D. 

It  has  been  some  twenty  years  since  I  had  the  pleas- 
ure and  the  privilege  of  being  a  member  of  the 
Faculty  of  this  University.  Although  this  conne6lion 
lasted  but  a  brief  three  years,  it  formed  an  eventful 
period  in  my  life,  for  I  made  here  some  friendships 
which  I  prize  highly,  and  I  acquired  for  the  University 
a  respe6l  and  an  afFecJtion  that  have  been  intensified 
by  every  succeeding  conta6l.  My  acquaintance  with 
what  I  may  call  the  best  of  the  state  universities 
converted  me  into  a  warm  advocate  of  the  system 
of  state  universities  as  contrasted  with  private  foun- 
dations. It  seemed  to  me  then,  as  it  does  now,  to  be 
a  fine  thing  that  every  citizen  of  a  commonwealth 
[   77] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

should  have  the  privilege  of  contributing  through 
taxation  to  the  support  of  a  complete  system  of  edu- 
cation extending  from  the  primary  schools  to  the 
university  and  its  professional  schools,  and  that  every 
citizen  who  believes  in  this  state-controlled  educa- 
tion is  at  liberty  to  advocate  openly  by  every  legiti- 
mate means  the  continuation  of  generous  appropria- 
tions on  the  part  of  the  legislature.  Such  a  method  of 
obtaining  the  necessary  funds  for  the  maintenance 
and  growth  of  an  educational  institution  seems  to  me 
to  be  more  dire6l  and,  if  I  may  say  so,  more  self- 
respefting  than  that  of  dependence  upon  the  bounty 
of  wealthy  patrons,  for  a  relation  of  this  latter  kind 
not  infrequently  forces  the  university  and  its  officers 
into  the  unenviable  position  of  a  mendicant  asking 
for  alms.  The  history  of  the  state  universities  has 
demonstrated  beyond  any  doubt  that  our  states  are 
able  and  willing  to  promote  the  higher  as  well  as 
the  lower  education,  and  the  increasing  liberality 
with  which  their  institutions  of  the  higher  learning 
have  been  treated  not  only  indicates  that  the  people 
are  entirely  satisfied  with  the  investment,  but  it  also 
furnishes  conclusive  evidence  that  those  who  have 
been  charged  with  the  expenditure  of  these  large 
funds  have  a6led  with  great  wisdom  and  success. 

If  we  may  judge  from  the  growth  in  the  number 
of  students,  the  success  of  the  state  universities  has 
been  remarkable,  so  remarkable  in  fa6l  as  to  sug- 
gest certain  serious  thoughts  as  to  the  future.  When 
I  was  here  twenty  years  ago  I  looked  upon  this  in- 
stitution as  a  going  concern  of  somewhat  unwieldy 
size,  but  since  that  time  it  has  been  growing  and 
C   78   ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

spreading  like  a  green  bay  tree,  and  one  naturally 
inquires  where  the  process  will  end.  If  you  have  now 
five  or  six  thousand  students  in  attendance,  it  is  quite 
probable  that  in  another  decade  or  two  this  number 
will  be  doubled,  and  when  we  consider  the  growth 
in  population  and  wealth  which  may  be  expe6led 
in  a  state  like  this,  it  does  not  seem  impossible  that 
there  may  come  a  time  when,  as  in  the  universities 
of  the  Middle  Ages,  there  may  gather  here  twenty 
or  thirty  thousand  students  seeking  that  general  edu- 
cation which  we  Americans  believe  that  every  citi- 
zen, man  or  woman,  has  a  right  to  possess.  Such  a 
prospe6l  or  fancy  is  not  altogether  pleasant  to  con- 
template, for  it  may  be  asserted  with  some  positive- 
ness  that  the  difficulties  of  instru6tion  increase  about 
as  the  square  of  the  number  to  be  taught.  If  any  such 
growth  takes  place,  the  final  solution  of  the  difficulty, 
so  far  as  I  can  see  with  my  untrained  vision,  will  be 
found  in  the  plan  ofestablishing  different  foci  through- 
out the  state  to  take  care  of  the  general  fundamental 
education  and  reserving  the  state  university  for  the 
higher  special  and  professional  training  which  con- 
stitutes the  real  fun6fionof  a  university.  There  is  little 
danger  that  so-called  graduate  instru6lion  or  profes- 
sional or  technical  education  will  ever  suffer  from  ex- 
cessive numbers  of  students,  since  in  the  nature  of  the 
case  the  demand  for  such  training  will  be  restri6f  ed 
to  a  certain  small  percentage  established  by  the  needs 
of  the  community,  and  there  is  little  possibility  that 
any  one  university  will  be  called  upon  to  supply  the 
demand  for  any  large  area  of  the  country.  In  medi- 
cal education,  for  exam  pie,  I  am  happy  to  believe  that 
C   79  1 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

no  one  institution  is  likely  to  monopolize  the  best  of 
the  teaching  talent  or  a  large  proportion  of  the  stu- 
dents. The  tendency,  on  the  contrary,  is  toward  the 
establishment  of  many  good  schools  in  different  parts 
of  the  country,  eventually  perhaps  one  for  each  state, 
which  will  so  divide  the  number  of  students  that 
each  school  will  be  kept  of  a  manageable  size.  The 
subje6l  of  medical  education,  as  you  know,  has  been 
under  very  a6live  discussion  in  this  country  for  the 
last  decade  or  two.  There  has  been  an  almost  unbe- 
lievable number  of  essays  and  le6lures  upon  the 
defe6ls  of  our  present  system,  and  any  number  of 
suggestions  of  plans  to  overcome  these  defe6ls  and 
establish  a  satisfa6lory  system  of  medical  instru61:ion. 
While  there  still  prevails  a  great  diversity  of  ideals, 
the  outcome  of  all  of  this  discussion  has  been  a  gen- 
eral improvement  in  medical  training,  an  advance 
all  along  the  line,  and  in  this  advance  no  school  has 
taken  a  more  honorable  part  than  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  this  University. 

When  the  methods  of  the  experimental  sciences 
began  to  penetrate  into  the  field  of  medicine,  some 
of  the  older  and  more  influential  schools  failed  to  ad- 
just themselves  to  the  new  conditions  and  thereby 
lost  gradually  their  prestige.  The  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  this  University,  on  the  contrary,  was  among 
the  first  to  adopt  the  newer  methods  of  instru6lion, 
and  early  enrolled  itself  among  the  progressive 
schools  in  this  country.  It  adds  much,  I  think,  to  the 
credit  of  the  University  that  all  of  its  good  work  in 
this  direftion  was  done  quietly  and  modestly  with- 
out undue  flourish  of  trumpets.  Its  behavior  in  this 
[   80   ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

respe6l  contrasts  favorably  with  that  of  some  of  our 
eastern  schools,  which,  when  forced  by  the  pressure 
of  com  petition  to  modernize  their  methods,  have  been 
quick  to  make  a  virtue  of  their  necessity  and  have 
attempted  to  claim  among  their  own  clientele  the 
advantages  of  leadership,  when  as  a  matter  of  fa6f  all 
they  have  been  entitled  to  has  been  a  high  privacy 
in  the  rear  rank.  The  enlightened  progressiveness 
shown  by  this  school  is  attributable  in  the  long  run,  I 
suppose,  to  the  fa6lthat  it  is  so  closely  associated  with 
the  academic  side  of  the  University.  For  when  all  is 
said,  the  advances  in  medical  education  which  we  talk 
so  much  about  consist  simply  in  the  introduction  into 
the  medical  course  of  university  methods  and  ideals. 
Some  of  us  believe  that  there  is  much  room  for  im- 
provement in  this  direction,  for  as  a  matter  of  fa6t 
these  methods  and  ideals  have  penetrated  fully  only 
into  the  first  two  years  of  the  course,  and  we  hope 
that  the  time  is  nearly  ripe  for  their  extension  into 
the  clinical  years  as  well.  The  logical  dedu6lion  from 
the  past  history  and  present  tendencies  in  medical 
instruction  would  seem  to  be  that  some  such  modi- 
fication of  clinical  teaching  will  constitute  the  next 
notable  improvement  in  medical  education. 

But  while  the  medical  school  at  Ann  Arbor  has 
enjoyed  the  advantages  of  a  close  association  with 
the  University  and  has  demonstrated  the  beneficial 
results  of  such  an  association,  I  am  convinced  that 
in  an  immediate  way  it  owes  much  of  its  success  and 
progressiveness  to  the  determined  spirit, clear  vision, 
and  devoted  loyalty  of  him  who  for  so  many  years 
has  a6led  as  its  Dean.  The  best  means  of  determin- 
C   81    ] 


! 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

ing  whether  a  school  is  thoroughly  modern  in  spirit 
and  awake  to  the  needs  of  the  time  is  found  in  the 
chara6ler  of  the  appointments  made  to  the  profes- 
sorial staff.  In  any  institution,  I  suppose,  and  partic- 
ularly in  medical  schools,  on  account  of  their  connec- 
tion with  the  pra6lice  of  medicine,  there  exists  some 
pressure  to  give  the  appointments  to  important  chairs 
to  men  of  local  prominence  and  influence.  Appoint- 
ments of  this  kind  are  usually  very  satisfa6lory  to 
the  community  concerned,  and  I  should  imagine,  al- 
though I  speak  herewith  great  hesitation, that  in  state 
schools  this  pressure  might  be  greater  than  else- 
where owing  to  the  influence  such  names  might  have 
upon  the  question  of  legislative  assistance.  Whether 
or  not  this  condition  of  affairs  has  prevailed  here  to 
any  extent  is,  of  course,  hidden  from  me,  but  what  I 
and  others  must  recognize  very  thankfully  is  that  in 
this  school  for  many  years  the  appointments  to  im- 
portant chairs  have  gone  to  men  who  have  been  qual- 
ified in  the  best  sense  for  the  positions,  that  is  to  say, 
they  have  been  men  who  have  had  the  training  of 
specialists,  who  have  been  able  to  teach  their  subje6ls 
according  to  the  methods  used  in  the  best  schools 
of  the  world,  and  who,  moreover,  have  been  quali- 
fied to  advance  their  subje6ls  by  independent  inves- 
tigations. For  it  seems  to  me  that  any  school  which 
aspires  to  be  in  the  first  rank  must  not  only  aim  to 
make  its  instruction  sound  and  modern,  but  it  must 
also  establish  its  claim  as  a  source  of  new  knowledge. 
This  obligation  is  laid  upon  your  school  as  it  is  upon 
other  schools  of  similar  influence  by  the  principle  of 
noblesse  oblige.  A  first-class  school  cannot  afford  to 
C   82    ] 


JIKI 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

be  simply  a  disseminator  or  purveyor  of  knowledge 
gathered  by  others;  it  must  give  something  in  return; 
and  this  principle  has  been  recognized  and  fully  lived 
up  to  by  this  school.  The  record  made  by  it  for  im- 
portant and  scholarly  contributions  to  medical  science 
and  medical  pra6lice  is  equal,  I  believe,  to  that  of  any 
other  medical  school  in  this  country.  I  hope, in  accord- 
ance with  the  teaching  of  the  parable  of  the  talents, 
that  the  wise  use  which  you  have  made  of  the  treas- 
ures committed  to  your  care  will  bring  the  reward 
of  larger  means  and  wider  opportunities.  As  a  former 
teacher  and  honorary  alumnus  of  the  school,  I  may 
perhaps  take  the  liberty  of  indulging  in  one  mild 
criticism,  namely,  that  the  school  has  been  somewhat 
indifferent  in  the  matter  of  allowing  its  teachers  to 
be  called  elsewhere.  My  friends  here  will  suspe6t 
that  this  is  a  criticism  suggested  by  my  own  experi- 
ence. It  is  true  that  when  I  was  called  to  another 
position  I  accepted,  and  severed  my  conne6lions  here 
in  an  easy  and  friendly  way.  I  have  since  come  to 
recognize  that,  so  far  as  I  was  concerned,  this  sep- 
aration was  effected  without  proper  consideration, 
for  I  have  not  found  elsewhere  better  opportunities 
for  work  nor  any  pleasanter  or  more  stimulating  en- 
vironment for  living.  The  loss  in  this  case  was  mine, 
not  the  University's;  my  place  was  filled  promptly 
and  more  than  satisfa6lorily.  I  know,  too,  that  a  num- 
ber of  your  men  have  refused  to  accept  what  seemed 
to  be  most  flattering  and  advantageous  offers  to  go 
to  other  institutions,  although  in  how  far  their  stead- 
fastness was  due  to  an  effort  on  the  part  of  the  Uni- 
versity to  retain  them,  rather  than  to  their  own  feel- 
C   83   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

ing  of  loyalty,  is  unknown  to  me.  Still,  I  have  heard 
the  remark  made  from  time  to  time  that  Ann  Arbor 
lets  its  men  go  too  easily,  on  the  principle  apparently 
that  there  are  as  good  fish  in  the  sea  as  ever  came 
out  of  it.  The  adage  is  true,  no  doubt,  but  the  sea  is 
a  wide,  wide  place,  and  even  with  so  skilful  and  suc- 
cessful an  angler  as  Dr.  Vaughan,  it  is  not  certain 
that  you  can  make  just  the  catch  you  want  at  the 
time  you  want  it.  I  know  all  the  difficulties,  financial 
and  otherwise,  conne6led  with  such  matters,  but  on 
general  principles  it  seems  to  me  that  a  school  should 
try  to  hold  on  to  its  good  or  even  to  its  fair  men ; 
partly  because  of  the  uncertainties  conne6led  with 
the  process  of  finding  suitable  substitutes  and  partly 
because  of  the  impression  produced  thereby  on  its 
circle  of  friendly  competitors.  Exchange  of  professors 
and  exchange  of  students  are  both  good  principles, 
but  in  the  nature  of  the  case  the  benefits,  if  they  are 
to  be  distributed  equally,must  rest  upon  an  exchange 
that  takes  place  in  both  dire6lions  and  on  equal  terms. 
When  the  current  sets  more  one  way  than  the  other, 
the  advantages  are  with  the  terminus  ad  quern  rather 
than  with  the  terminus  a  quo.  A  school  of  the  impor- 
tance of  Michigan  cannot  afford  to  be  regarded  in 
any  sense  as  a  recruiting  station  for  other  institu- 
tions. I  have  no  doubt  that  this  criticism  is  applica- 
ble mainly  to  times  that  are  past  rather  than  to  the 
present,  but  I  have  ventured  to  make  it  in  the  first 
place  because  I  have  heard  it  made  by  others  outside, 
and  in  the  second  place  because  the  remedy  which 
suggests  itself  supports  a  favorite  thesis  of  mine  to 
the  efFe6l  that  our  universities  would  do  well  to  give 
C   84   ] 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  LUNCHEON 

some  attention  to  the  matter  of  making  professor- 
ships attra6live  outside  the  questions  of  salary  and 
equipment.  I  forbear,  however,  from  enlarging  upon 
this  point. 

To  return  briefly  to  a  matter  which  I  touched  upon 
a  moment  ago:  it  seems  to  me  that  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  this  University  has  a  special  opportunity 
to  make  an  important  contribution  to  the  subject  of 
medical  education  in  this  country.  Out  of  our  present 
somewhat  chaotic  conditions  there  must  be  evolved 
a  national  system  or  type  of  medical  instru6lion  suit- 
able to  our  needs  and  of  a  chara6ler  such  that  it  will 
be  adopted  throughout  the  country.  So  far  as  I  can 
see,  this  unification  of  medical  instru6lion  must  be 
effe6led  through  one  of  our  state  institutions,  for  they 
only  have  sufficient  control  of  all  the  underlying  edu- 
cation to  enable  them  to  coordinate  properly  the  pre- 
liminary and  the  professional  training.  Among  the 
state  medical  schools,  yours  is  the  best  known  and  has 
the  widest  reputation.  It  has  an  honorable  history  and 
an  established  position.  It  has  the  support  of  a  great 
university  and  the  resources  of  a  rich  state.  In  any 
plans  that  it  may  wish  to  carry  out  it  can  afford  to  be 
independent  of  considerations  regarding  the  efFe6l 
upon  the  number  of  entering  students,  that  nightmare 
which  has  so  often  paralyzed  the  progressive  a6livity 
of  some  of  our  institutions  ere6led  upon  private  foun- 
dations. In  the  competitive  struggle  now  in  progress 
to  attain  a  system  which  will  best  suit  the  needs  of 
our  times,  this  school,  it  seems  to  me,  holds  the  stra- 
tegic position,  and  I  hope  that  the  matter  will  meet 
with  your  serious  consideration,  that  you  will  try  out 
C   85  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

and  perfe6l  a  plan  of  medical  instru6lion  founded  upon 
an  adequate  general  training,  which  will  be  adopted 
as  a  national  system.  Such  a  unification  of  our  first 
diverse  ideals  is  bound  to  come  in  the  near  future, and 
it  would  be  a  great  triumph  and  a  great  service  for 
this  school  to  lead  the  way  in  this  as  it  has  in  other 
vital  questions  pertaining  to  medical  education. 


C   86] 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

COMMENCEMENT  ADDRESS 


i 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

COMMENCEMENT  ADDRESS 
PROFESSOR  JEREMIAH  WHIPPLE  JENKS,  LL.D. 

[delivered  in  the  PAVIUON,  THURSDAY,  JUNE  27,  10  A.M.] 

THE  exercises  of  the  morning  are  held  prima- 
rily for  the  young  men  and  young  women  who 
to-day  first  formally  commence  their  tasks  as  mem- 
bers of  the  commonwealth.  I  am  to  speak  in  behalf  of 
our  loved  Alma  Mater,  the  great  State  University  that 
holds  it  her  prime  duty  to  fit  her  sons  and  her  daugh- 
ters for  their  responsibilities  as  citizens.  I  have  there- 
fore thought  it  fitting  to  choose  as  the  topic  of  the 
hour  The  Coming  Citizenship. 

These  days  of  political  turmoil  and  strife  are  not 
only  interesting,  exciting.  They  are  portentous  or 
hopeful  with  issues  that  are  vital.  As  citizens  we 
should,  if  possible,  avoid  mistakes.  If  we  would  form 
sound  judgments,  we  must  look  closely  into  funda- 
mental principles  of  society  and  of  life,  for  politics  is 
an  outgrowth  of  deeper  causes. 

To  look  ahead  and  judge  the  coming  citizenship, 
we  must  note  the  signs  of  the  times  in  various  fields. 
I  am  not  speaking  only,  or  particularly,  of  the  pres- 
ent political  campaign.  It  would  not  be  fitting  on  this 
auspicious  day,  when  so  many  of  you  are  to  enter 
the  path  of  your  life's  a6livity,  to  attempt  to  stir  a 
momentary  enthusiasm  for  any  temporary  candidate 
or  any  temporary  cause.  Rather  is  it  fitting  to  point 
out  the  signs  by  which  we  may  judge  the  dire6lion 
in  which  our  State  is  moving,  and  indicate  the  princi- 
ples by  which  we  may  for  a  longer  time  wisely  guide 

C   89  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

our  afts  as  citizens,  for  an  obligation  that  we  must 
not  ignore  rests  upon  each  of  us  to  do  his  part  as  a 
member  of  the  community. 

Our  country  as  a  political  body,  the  state,  is  simply 
all  of  us — the  citizens.  Our  government  is  merely 
our  grand  committee  to  formulate  and  do  our  bidding 
in  political  matters  in  accordance  with  the  rules  laid 
down  for  guidance  by  ourselves  and  our  fathers. 

And  we  as  citizens  are  still  men  and  women  with 
ourvarious  interests, our  hopes, our  fears, our  desires, 
our  purposes.  But  with  all  this  variety  each  man's 
nature  is  one.  Each  man's  life  is  a  unit.  Here  and 
there,  perchance,  may  be  found  a  double  chara6ler, 
a  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde;  but  such  a  being  is  ab- 
normal, a  fit  subje6l  for  the  alienist.  He  is  not  a  man. 
The  chara6ler  of  man  is  the  same,  and  ought  to  be  the 
same,  in  all  his  various  a6livities, — economic,  social, 
religious,  political. 

If  we  find,  then,  the  trend  of  men's  views  in  reli- 
gion, in  morals,  in  education,  in  business,  we  may  be 
sure  that  we  can  judge  the  drift  of  their  political  think- 
ing ;  and  we  shall  not  be  misled  either  by  any  chance 
outburst  of  the  day's  enthusiasm,  or  by  any  halting 
fear  of  a  forward  movement. 

What  are  some  of  these  signs  of  the  times  .^ 

Some  two  years  ago  a  group  of  university  seniors 
asked  me  to  meet  them  for  a  Sunday  evening  talk. 
The  subje6l  was  to  be  of  my  choosing.  A(51:ing  on  the 
example  of  a  fellow  economist  in  another  university, 
this  suggestion  was  made  as  a  basis  for  our  talk :  Each 
person  present  was  to  assume  that  he  believed  in  the 
traditional,  old-fashioned  do61rine  of  an  immediate 

[  90  3 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

formal  judgment  after  death,  which  should  deter- 
mine the  future  happiness  or  despair  of  human  souls. 
Each  was  to  imagine  that  he  was  St.  Peter,  the  Judge. 
Then  he  was  to  consider  how  those  coming  before 
him  for  judgment  could  be  asked  two  questions  so 
all-searching,  so  ethically  fundamental,  that  the  an- 
swers would  enable  him  to  decide  justly  the  fate  of 
the  soul  newly  freed  from  the  fetters  of  the  body. 
Each  student  present  was  given  five  minutes  to 
formulate  and  put  in  writing  his  two  questions.  The 
papers  were  then  gathered  and  classified.  To  my  great 
surprise,  out  of  some  twenty-five  students, — not 
goody-goody  men,  but  the  leading  athletes,  editors, 
managers,  the  prominent  strong  men  in  all  fields  of 
a6livity  of  the  senior  class, — all  but  three  had  in 
substance  asked  the  same  two  questions.  The  three 
exceptions  had  apparently  been  influenced  by  some 
religious  bias.  They  asked  such  questions  as,  Have 
you,  in  your  earthly  career,  followed  the  teachings 
of  the  Bible. ^  or,  Did  you  lead  the  life  of  a  Christian  ? 
But  with  these  exceptions,  all  framed,  in  substance, 
these  questions: 

( 1 )  Were  you  in  life  absolutely  square  with  others 
and  with  yourself.? 

( 2 )  Did  you  on  earth  live  for  yourself  or  for  oth- 
ers, for  the  community  .-^ 

These  questions,  though  not  technically  religious, 
in  reality  do  sum  up  in  cogent  form  the  fundamental 
conceptions  of  Christianity,  and  it  is  a  most  hopeful 
indication  of  the  trend  of  thought  of  the  coming  citi- 
zens that  a  group  of  young  men  of  the  most  varied 
interests  and  tastes  and  habits  should,  without  con- 
C   91    ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

ference,  within  five  minutes,  have  agreed  on  these 
fundamental  principles:  truthfulness,  clear-sighted 
judgment  of  self,  and  unselfish  regard  for  others  and 
for  the  public,  as  the  supreme  tests  of  a  good  life.  The 
unanimity  and  promptness  of  the  replies  show  them 
to  be  formulated  life  principles  in  the  student  body 
of  the  upper  class.  You  would  doubtless  find  it  so 
among  yourselves.  It  is  in  the  life  of  the  time. 

These  heart-searching  thoughts  to  these  students 
were  religious  in  chara6f  er,  but  are  they  not  equally 
valuable  as  tests  for  citizenship  ?  We  too  often  look 
upon  the  a6l  of  voting  as  the  primary  right  and  duty 
of  the  citizen,  but  has  not  citizenship  to  do  with 
practically  all  the  fundamentals  of  life.?  When  Miss 
Stone  was  captured  by  Bulgarian  brigands  in  1901, 
the  government  of  the  United  States  did  not  inquire 
whether  Miss  Stone  was  a  voter;  she  was  an  Amer- 
ican citizen  entitled  to  prote6lion.  Every  child  born 
into  American  citizenship  has  its  rights  and  its  duties 
prescribed  long  before  the  passing  years  have  given 
it  the  right  and  the  duty  of  exercising  a  dire6f  in- 
fluence upon  government  by  voting.  A  few  weeks 
ago  one  of  America's  best  known  multimillionaires 
waited  calmly,  heroically, to  meet  his  fate  on  the  sink- 
ing Titanic.  The  following  week  the  papers  discussed 
the  legal  rights  of  even  his  unborn  child  cared  for  by 
the  laws  of  the  state  and  nation. 

Citizenship  is  not  a  matter  of  light  concern,  touch- 
ing only  an  a6l  or  two  a  year.  Citizenship  has  that 
"high  seriousness"  which  Matthew  Arnold  says 
forms  the  substance  of  all  of  the  best  and  noblest 
poetry.  Citizenship  touches  the  deep  things  of  life, 

L9^   1 


I 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

— religion,  morals,  and  business,  and  finally  politics 
as  the  refle6lion  or  the  outgrowth  of  all  these.  The 
statesman  is  the  man  who  foresees,  uses,  guides  the 
forces  upon  which  all  these  ideals  and  pra6lical  a6liv- 
ities  of  life  are  based,  in  order  to  bring  about  through 
legislation  and  administration  the  welfare  of  the 
people ;  and  the  people's  belief  in  what  really  consti- 
tutes their  welfare — religious,  moral,  economic — 
gives  the  statesman  his  power,  and  that  belief  is  pri- 
marily the  moving  force  in  guiding  the  affairs  of  state. 
In  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms  the  survi- 
val of  the  species  seems  to  be  the  blind  aim  which 
guides  the  instin61:s  and  habits  and  lives  of  the  indi- 
viduals. In  society,  not  only  the  survival  of  the  tribe  or 
of  the  state,  but  likewise  the  welfare  of  the  members 
of  society  and  of  the  citizens,  are  in  the  long  run  the 
goal  toward  which  society  and  government  are  striv- 
ing, and  the  purpose  toward  the  attainment  of  which 
statesmen  bend  their  efforts.  In  all  the  great  fields  of 
human  thought  and  a6lion, religion, morals, business, 
politics,  the  same  chara61  eristics  of  human  thought 
manifest  themselves  in  different  countries, and  obser- 
vation of  the  direction  of  human  thought  in  these 
fields  shows  clearly  the  dire61ion  in  which  the  state  is 
driving.  Thus  can  we  judge  the  coming  citizenship. 

Religion.  In  all  great  religions  that  have  shaped  on 
a  large  scale  the  welfare  of  humanity, the  ideas  of  sin- 
cerity and  of  unselfish  service  for  the  salvation  or 
betterment  of  humanity,  and  this  through  the  adis  of 
individuals,  have  been  dominant.  When, a  few  weeks 
ago,  Yuan  Shi  Kai,  the  President  of  the  new  China, 
sent  his  greetings  to  a  gathering  of  Christian  mis- 
I  93  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

sionaries  expressing  the  goodwill  of  his  government 
and  of  his  people  toward  those  who  had  striven 
unselfishly  for  the  welfare  of  humanity  and  of  his 
people,  he  was  expressing  the  spirit  of  the  great  Con- 
fucius, whose  teachings  for  five  and  twenty  centuries 
have  contributed  so  much  politically  as  well  as  reli- 
giously to  the  welfareof  the  human  race. "  There  were 
four  things,"  say  the  Confucian  Anale6ls,"  which  the 
Master  taught:  letters,  ethics,  devotion  of  soul,  and 
truthfulness/'  "Tsze-Chang  having  asked  how  vir- 
tue was  to  be  exalted  and  delusions  to  be  discovered, 
the  Master  said:  Hold  faithfulness  and  sincerity  as 
first  principles  and  be  moving  continually  to  what  is 
right.  This  is  the  way  to  exalt  one's  virtue." 

In  Buddhism  a  like  lesson  is  taught.  Sakyamuni, 
the  Buddha,  son  of  the  king,  left  his  sleeping  wife  and 
babe,  abandoned  family  and  friends  and  wealth  and 
power,  to  become  a  homeless  wanderer,  a  penniless 
seeker  after  truth, in  the  same  spirit  of  devotion  to  the 
welfare  of  others, in  the  same  belief  that  only  through 
the  self-forgetful  a6l  of  an  individual  could  the  way 
of  rest  and  peace  for  suflfering  humanity  be  found. 
And  when  his  search  was  ended  and  he  believed  that 
he  had  found  the  way,  the  teachings  by  which  his 
many  scores  of  millions  of  followers  have  been  led  to 
acquire  merit  for  the  peace  of  their  souls,  inculcated 
the  same  principles  of  truthfulness  and  unselfish  sac- 
rifice to  elevate  humanity. 

The  ancient  Hebrew  prophets  taught  in  no  less 
certain  way  the  same  fundamental  principles  as  re- 
gards the  spirit  which  must  guide  the  a6ls  of  the  true 
servant  of  Jehovah. 

c  94  :i 


4 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

In  Christianity,  in  addition  to  the  purpose  and  the 
aim  of  religious  teaching,  Jesus  gives  us  more  clearly 
than  any  other  of  the  founders  of  the  great  world  re- 
ligions,the  method  by  which  these  principles, worked 
out  in  human  chara6ler,tend  to  bring  about  the  King- 
dom of  God  on  earth,  the  true  Republic  of  Freedom. 
The  Founder  of  the  Christian  religion  was  a  great 
Personality  of  marvellous  independenceof  judgment, 
an  iconoclast  ready  to  assume  the  responsibility  of 
breaking  the  letter  of  the  law  despite  the  prejudice 
and  opposition  of  his  fellows,  in  order  that  the  spirit 
of  the  law  might  be  upheld.  The  underlying  princi- 
ples of  his  life  and  his  teachings,  summed  up  in  words 
of  thought  and  a6lion,  seem  to  be  substantially  iden- 
tical with  the  fundamental  principles  of  popular  self- 
government,  thus  indicating  again  that  the  field  of 
politics  and  that  of  religion,  though  different  in  their 
methods  of  cultivation,  may  often  and  ought  always 
to  produce  like  harvests.  Last  week  in  Chicago  pro- 
gressives and  conservatives  in  politics  wrestled  for 
the  prize  of  leadership.  This  week  a  like  contest  is 
waging  in  Baltimore.^  Last  week  I  saw  a  like  pro- 
gressive versus  conservative  contest  in  a  religious 
matter,  the  question  of  the  interpretation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. Such  questions,  too,  rouse  passions  not  easily 
quieted.  In  times  past  they  often  led  to  murderous 
war.  In  the  religious  realm,  we  never  find  the  Founder 
of  Christianity  hesitating  to  assume  as  an  individual 
the  responsibility  for  his  own  teachings  and  his  ov^n 
a6ls.  Must  not  the  citizen  in  the  coming  democracy 
be  ready  to  stand  alone,  not  di6lated  to  by  the  leader 

'June  27,  1912,  tlie  democratic  nominating  convention  was  in  session. 

C  95  3 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

of  his  fa6lion  but  himself  bearing  the  responsibility 
of  his  a6ls?  In  so  doing,  it  is  essential  that  he  do  his 
own  independent  thinking,  and  reach  his  own  con- 
clusions after  due  deliberation.  Such  a  citizen  will,  of 
course,  render  obedience  to  the  laws  made  by  him- 
self and  his  fellows  with  the  purpose  of  promoting 
the  welfare  of  his  fellow  men. 

A  few  weeks  ago  I  was  attending  a  dinner  in  one 
of  the  rooms  of  a  great  modern  church.  A  man  sit- 
ting by  my  side  called  my  attention  to  the  faft  that 
throughout  the  winter  months  that  room  had  been 
used  for  the  playing  of  basket-ball  by  the  young  men 
and  boys  of  the  church  in  order  that  their  physical 
welfare  might  be  cared  for  in  suitable  surroundings. 
Everywhere  in  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion buildings  and  in  their  a6livities,  we  find  empha- 
sized the  threefold  nature  of  man.  Building  a  man's 
body  into  health  is  closely  related  to  developing  his 
mental  strength  and  to  giving  tone  to  his  moral  and 
religious  fibre.  Those  of  us  who  followed  the  news- 
papers during  the  winter  and  early  spring  and  noted 
the  aftivities  of  those  who  were  guiding  the  Men  and 
Religion  Movement,  could  not  have  failed  to  see  that 
the  man's  "job"  promoted  by  the  leaders  of  that 
remarkable  movement  was  nothing  less  than  the 
development  of  all  round  citizenship  in  the  best  sense 
of  that  word,  the  building  up  of  men  to  promote  the 
welfare  of  their  fellow  men  in  the  community  and 
in  the  state.  This  is  the  new  a6livity  in  religion  that 
points  toward  the  coming  citizenship. 

Morals.  The  morals  of  a  people  are  only  their  cus- 
toms fixed  in  their  minds  as  a6ls  that  are  right  as 
C  96-} 


^^ 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

distinguished  from  those  that  are  wrong.  A  compar- 
ative study  of  the  morals  of  different  nations  shows 
that  the  question  of  the  right  or  wrong  of  a  specific 
a6l  has  uhimately  been  settled  for  each  tribe  or  people 
by  their  belief  in  its  effe6l  upon  the  public  welfare. 
In  earlier  stages  of  society,  property  was  generally 
common,  so  that  theft  was  pra61:ically  an  impossi- 
bility. Polygamy  was  usual  and  right;  under  monog- 
amy the  tribe  would  have  perished.  The  methods  of 
preparation  and  the  use  of  food  and  drink,  the  kinds 
ofclothing,of  shelter, of  manners,  of  communication, 
gradually  grew  up  in  different  nations.  Later  they 
were  fixed  by  the  ruler,  often  under  taboo,  or  as  the 
commands  of  the  gods;  or  else  in  some  other  way 
they  were  given  a  religious  san61ion. 

As  the  centuries  passed,  the  customs  and  the  kinds 
of  sanation  changed,  until  now  the  individual  does  not 
accept  without  question  the  di6lum  of  the  ruler  or  the 
priest.  He  seeks  his  own  enjoyment, his  own  welfare. 
Now,  it  is  not  necessarily  the  ruler  who  sets  the  fash- 
ion, though  in  monarchies  he  often  does.  Any  one  in 
our  country  is  the  leader  who  can  make  himself  heard 
and  can  secure  the  acceptance  of  his  views.  Writers 
on  our  customs  or  habits  of  living  or  morals,  includ- 
ing matters  of  marriage  and  divorce, of  the  treatment 
of  the  sick,  of  the  modes  of  entertainment,  as  well  as 
those  on  questions  of  clothes  and  manners,  say  now 
almost  what  they  please.  It  may  be  that  if  they  speak 
too  contrary  to  custom, they  will  be  looked  at  askance, 
but  if  they  seem  sincere,  they  will  be  listened  to.  Often 
their  suggestions  will  be  followed.  What  will  be  the 
outcome  of  the  present  trend  toward  individual  think- 
[97  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

ing  on  morals  and  of  the  willingness  of  the  individ- 
ual to  accept  the  responsibility  for  his  thoughts  and 
afts,  is  not  yet  seen.  But  this  is  sure:  it  will  be  in  each 
nation  what  most  people  think  is  best  for  all  the  people. 
Never  before,  perhaps,  even  in  the  days  of  the  no-  | 

blest  civilization  of  Greece  or  Rome,  have  there  been  ■ 

so  few  preconceived  views  of  the  right  and  wrong  of  | 

specific  a6ls  as  established  by  tradition.  We  cannot  | 

forget  the  pathetic  scene  of  the  death  of  Socrates  in  | 

the  Crito  of  Plato.  It  was  in  the  wonderful  age  of  .'; 

Pericles  that  the  great  moral  philosopher  was  forced  - 

to  drink  the  hemlock  because  he  dared  to  think  and  ;' 

to  speak  his  thoughts ;  and  we  cannot  forget  that  in 
the  days  of  the  Caesars  Christians  were  thrown  to  the 
wild  beasts  for  religion's  sake. 

Rarely  if  ever  before  has  there  been  so  great  tol- 
erance of  individual  thinking  on  social  questions  as 
now ;  seldom  has  each  person  been  so  free  to  seek  his 
own  happiness  in  the  way  that  seems  to  him  best  so 
long  as  such  search  for  individual  happiness  seems 
likewise  to  promote,  or  even  only  not  to  hinder,  the 
happiness  of  all.  Indeed,  so  long  as  the  expression  of 
individuality  seems  to  be  unselfish  or  public-spirited, 
it  is  easy  for  it  to  become  fashionable  and  readily  fol- 
lowed by  all.  To  take  the  extreme  example,  note  the 
moral  attitude  to-day  as  contrasted  with  only  a  score 
of  years  ago  toward  the  question  of  the  Social  Evil,  j 

where  the  public  is  rapidly  coming  to  put  less  blame 
upon  the  woman,  but  rather  to  note  the  causes,  eco- 
nomic and  social,  that  have  led  her  away,  the  empha- 
sis being  placed  not  upon  sin  or  guilt  and  penitence, 
but  upon  possible  changes  in  environment  or  law  that 

[98]  I 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP       '•'-••: 

shall  improve  conditions.  We  are  coming  more  and 
more  in  matters  of  morals  to  permit  each  to  think  and 
a6l  for  himself  so  long  as  his  a6l  is  sincere  and  unself- 
ish. Although  we  have  not  yet  reached  that  goal,  the 
trend  of  modern  thought  and  a6lion  is  so  strong  in 
that  direction  that  eventually,  perhaps ,  each  may  think 
independently  without  condemnation  so  long  as  he 
takes  the  responsibility  for  his  a6ls ;  and  so  long  as  his 
motive  is  good  and  his  a6ls  are  not  contrary  to  the 
interest  of  all,  he  may  live  his  own  life,  whatever  it 
be,  without  public  reproach.  The  bearing  of  this  atti- 
tude, whether  you  consider  it  praiseworthy  tolerance 
or  blameworthy  laxity,  upon  the  political  thought  of 
our  time  cannot  be  ignored. 

Education.  As  society  is  made  up  of  us  all,  and  as  in 
the  modern  democratic  state  each  of  us  is  playing  a 
more  important  part  than  heretofore,  it  is  natural  that 
we  should  lay  continually  increasing  emphasis  upon 
education.  We  feel  that  we  must  train  our  rulers.  But 
the  progress  of  democracy  has  brought  about  a  note- 
worthy change  in  the  methods  of  education.  In  the 
great  University  of  Cairo  to-day,  where  the  customs 
and  religion  of  the  Mohammedan  despot  still  linger, 
though  rapidly  vanishing  in  the  field  of  government, 
we  may  still  see  hundreds  of  students  committing  to 
memory  the  Koran  by  rote,  with  the  teacher  making 
little  or  no  attempt  to  inculcate  the  meaning  of  the 
teachings  of  this  Mohammedan  Bible.  Under  the  the- 
ory of  despotic  government  in  China  in  the  earlier 
days,  the  teachers,  with  the  profoundest  respe6l  and 
love  for  learning,  taught  the  children  in  like  manner 
merely  to  memorize  first  the  sounds  and  afterward 
C   99   1 


THE  UNrVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  thoughts  of  their  great  rehgious  teachers.  The 
commentaries  on  these  teachings  were  not  sugges- 
tions as  to  the  way  in  which  they  should  be  appHed  in 
new  and  changed  conditions,  but  rather  a  scholastic 
effort  to  see  what  those  words  might  in  themselves 
mean.  A  reverence  for  the  views  of  the  ancients  rather 
than  care  for  the  welfare  of  the  moderns  was  the  key- 
note of  interpretation  and  of  teaching.  But  with  us  to- 
day our  philosophers  of  teaching  lay  emphasis  first 
upon  the  development  of  individual  thinking  power, 
and  second  upon  the  social  purpose  of  the  individ- 
ual. In  consequence,  we  are  creating  in  our  schools 
a  people  of  thinkers,  it  may  be  iconoclasts,  persons 
ready  to  overthrow  the  old  traditions,  but  neverthe- 
less people  of  power,  and,  far  more  important  still, 
people  who  in  the  long  run  will  have  an  unselfish 
social  aim. 

Industry.  Many  of  our  magazine  writers  to-day 
seem  to  assume  that  the  field  of  industry  is  quite 
distin6l  from  the  field  of  morals  or  that  of  religion, 
and  that  the  relation  of  industry  to  government  is 
anything  but  moral  or  religious.  Consider,  however, 
whether  these  same  principles  that  affe6l  individual 
adlion  in  the  fields  of  religion  or  morals  or  educa- 
tion, do  not  play  a  like  part  in  the  realm  of  business. 
Since  the  growth  of  our  great  industrial  combinations, 
many  have  feared  that  the  personal  initiative  of  busi- 
ness men  will  be  crushed ;  that  almost  all  men  will  be 
merely  hired  servants,  working  under  orders;  that 
machines  will  replace  men, and  that  where  men  work 
with  machines  they  will  be  so  controlled  by  machine 
conditions  that  their  manhood  will  be  dwarfed.  It  has 
I  loo  ] 


THE  COMING  CITI2ENSttlP 

seemed,  also,  to  be  common  opinion  that  the  aim  of 
social  betterment  is  seldom  found  in  the  businessman, 
but  that  economic  selfishness  alone  is  the  dominant 
force  in  business.  It  is  best,  however,  to  probe  these 
beliefs  somewhat  deeply.  In  part  they  are  true.  So  far 
the  evil  must  be  fought  relentlessly.  Largely  they  are 
mistaken.  Doubtless  in  industry,  as  in  every  field  of 
endeavor,  the  leaders  of  first  rank  are  few,  but  that 
has  always  been  so.  That  will  always  be  so.  Men  of 
really  first  quality  are  extremely  rare,  whether  the 
test  be  weakness  or  ability,  wickedness  or  goodness. 
We  are  most  of  us  mediocre.  Let  us  acknowledge  it. 
But  what  are  the  chances  to  rise .?  How  often  and  how 
far.?  That  is  the  prime  consideration. 

Never  has  there  been  such  an  opportunity  for  a 
manof  capacity  as  now.  Never  has  there  been  so  fierce 
competition  among  men  of  genius,  and  the  success- 
ful man  in  business  now  attains  rewards  far  beyond 
those  ever  possible  before.  The  former  village  pa- 
triarch has  now  become  a  national  charafter.  The 
former  small  city  merchant  is  now  an  international 
figure.  The  telephone, telegraph,  railroads,  the  ocean 
liners  have  in  the  field  of  business  annihilated  dis- 
tance so  that  there  is  no  limit  to  the  range  of  a  per- 
son's influence;  his  attainment  is  bounded  only  by 
his  range  of  conception.  Does  that  not  stimulate  indi- 
viduality .? 

Twenty  years  ago,  when  we  first  heard  of  one 
hundred  million  dollar  corporations,  it  was  often  said 
that  the  limitations  of  the  human  intelleft  would  set 
bounds  to  the  growth  of  corporations;  that  no  one 
man  could  well  dire6l  the  work  of  so  gigantic  an  en- 


■  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

terprise.  But  the  principles  of  business  organization 
enable  a  man  easily  to  grasp  as  a  whole  the  great 
branches  of  his  business,  and  details  are  readily  dele- 
gated to  subordinates.  Corporations  with  a  capital  of 
$100,000,000  are  already  almost  numerous;  and  the 
head  of  a  thousand  million  dollar  business  has  time, 
after  his  work  is  well  and  efficiently  done,  to  be  presi- 
dent of  an  automobile  association  and  to  preside  at 
fun6tions  of  women's  clubs.  The  range  of  individual 
a6lion  and  influence  has  enormously  increased  with 
the  improved  methods  of  communication  which  are 
breaking  barriers  down. 

The  fa6l  is  often  overlooked,  too,  that  the  giant 
trusts  are  the  normal  outgrowth  of  the  competition 
of  individuals.  Almost  without  exception  it  is  fierce- 
ness of  competition  that  has  led  to  combination. 
Whenever  separate  companies  combine  into  one,  the 
best  leader  takes  the  headship,  and  his  position  is 
higher  than  any  that  existed  before.  But  within  the 
great  establishment  there  are  many  subdivisions, 
each  division  has  its  head,  and  the  independent  judg- 
ment of  the  head  of  a  department  counts  now  for 
more  in  many  cases  than  did  in  former  years  the 
judgment  of  the  president  of  a  separate  establish- 
ment. The  largest  organizations  offer  the  highest 
prizes  for  individual  initiative  on  the  part  of  their  em- 
ployees. Competition  among  superintendents  of  dif- 
ferent establishments  within  a  combination  is  both 
fiercer  and  more  intelligent  than  that  among  inde- 
pendent establishments.  For  the  records  are  kept  so 
accurately  that  each  man  knows  exa6lly  where  he 
fails  and  where  he  succeeds,  and  moreover  each  one 
[   102  ] 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

knows  that  upon  his  success  depends  his  advance- 
ment. Individuality  is  not  stifled  by  big  business.  It 
is  often  stimulated.  Are  the  trusts,  then,  really  un- 
democratic? Some  few  of  the  leaders  are  doubtless 
despotic  in  desire  and  even  at  times  in  intent  and  a6t. 
But  the  methods  of  business,  the  organized  industry 
duly  controlled  as  it  may  be,  will  give  to  the  enter- 
prising young  man  and  to  the  people  alike,  advan- 
tages not  known  before.  Moreover,  much  of  the  most 
thoughtful  care  for  workingmen,in  spite  of  notable 
exceptions,  is  to-day  shown  by  the  largest  establish- 
ments. 

At  no  period  in  the  world's  history  before  has 
there  been  such  high  efficiency  in  the  management  of 
business,  and  this  saving  of  industrial  energy,  lead- 
ing to  the  creation  of  more  wealth,  means  in  the  long 
run  shorter  hours,  better  wages,  improved  standards 
of  living  for  the  workingmen,  progress  in  society  as 
a  whole.  Whatever  the  present  evils  of  the  distri- 
bution of  wealth  may  be,  and  they  are  many,  though 
lessening,  nothing  can  be  more  certain  than  that 
advance  in  general  comfort  must  be  and  will  be  pre- 
ceded by  greater  produ6lion  of  wealth;  and  that  will 
come  through  organization  duly  controlled. 

Among  the  workingmen  the  conditions,  while  not 
the  same,  are  even  more  encouraging.  The  great 
labor  organizations  are  looking,  to  be  sure,  for  their 
own  welfare  as  that  of  the  wage-earning  class,  but 
the  numbers  of  the  wage-earners  are  so  large  that 
this  struggle  for  their  class  is  largely  a  struggle  for 
others.  The  spirit  is  generally  not  that  of  individual 
selfishness,  but  of  class  self-interest  promoted  often 
[   103  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

by  individual  sacrifice.  If  Gompers  and  Mitchell  and 
Morrison  spend  months  in  jail  as  the  court  decrees, 
no  one  who  knows  them  will  doubt  that  their  sacrifice 
is  an  unselfish  one,  whether  or  not  he  approves  their 
judgment  regarding  methods  of  a6lion.Not  yet  have 
we  discovered  the  means  by  which  the  most  efficient 
skill  of  the  individual  can  become  the  highest  bless- 
ing for  all;  but  the  struggle  for  the  improvement 
of  the  welfare  of  one's  group  is  distin6lly  in  a  nobler 
spirit  than  the  struggle  merely  for  one's  own  gain ; 
and  the  trend  is  in  the  right  dire6lion.  The  spirit  of 
cooperation  is  dominant  even  though  the  class  strug- 
gle remains.  When  the  intelligent  knowledge  of  all 
business  conditions  is  widely  enough  extended,  the 
spirit  of  cooperation  will  include  all  of  society  and  we 
shall  have  the  feeling  of  individual  responsibility,  of 
independent  thinking  and  judgment,  of  growing  skill 
combined  with  the  sentiment  of  social  service  in  the 
industrial  field  as  in  the  field  of  morals. 

Politics.  How  do  all  these  conditions,  industrial, 
moral,  religious,  aflPedl  politics .^^  What  is  the  coming 
citizenship  to  be  .?The  state  is  society, all  of  us, organ- 
ized for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  welfare  of  all, 
through  the  enforcement  of  rules  made  by  all  in  the 
interest  of  all.  The  a6ls  of  government  differ  from 
the  a6ls  of  other  social  organizations,  those  a6live 
in  the  fields  of  religion,  of  business,  of  education,  in 
that  government,  if  necessary,  employs  compulsion, 
force.  The  state  is  all  of  us  aftive  and  compelling 
action  for  the  interests  of  all.  But  the  individual  citi- 
zen in  the  field  of  government  is  the  same  man  who 
is  a6live  in  religion,  in  morals,  in  business.  His  nature 

C  104  ] 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

is  not  changed.  Whatever  chara6leristics  are  found 
in  the  other  fields  will  be  found  in  the  realm  of  poli- 
tics. The  coming  citizen — and  he  is  already  here  in 
large  and  rapidly  growing  numbers — will  be  a  per- 
sonality bearing  responsibility  readily  and  willingly, 
thinking  independently,  a  man  unafraid  of  the  new, 
because,  self-reliant,  he  has  thought  out  the  new, bas- 
ing his  judgment  on  the  experiences  of  the  old.  The 
coming  citizen  will  demand  the  power  to  choose,  and 
he  will  readily  take  the  responsibility  for  his  a6ls. 
"We  may  count  on  the  growth  of  the  rule  of  the  citi- 
zens. They  will  not  be  denied.  He  who  stands  in  the 
way  will  be  overthrown. 

But  the  coming  citizen,  also,  in  the  fullness  of  time 
will  vote  and  rule  not  selfishly,  because  the  spirit  of 
the  times  is  becoming  more  and  more  unselfish  in  all 
ranks  of  society.  He  will  vote  and  rule  in  the  inter- 
ests of  all.  We  may  grant  that  many  men  are  selfish, 
men  in  high  office  still  abuse  their  powers.  But  this 
abuse  is  seen  far  less  often  than  thirty  years  ago.  The 
time  has  already  long  passed,  in  any  English-speak- 
ing country  at  least,  when  corrupt  or  self-seeking 
a6ls  of  public  officials  can  be  done  openly.  No  one 
recognizes  any  right  to  rule,  except  that  granted  by 
the  people  in  their  own  interest.  And  they  can  give  to 
any  man  or  refuse  to  any  man  that  privilege  at  their 
will. 

But  clearly  the  average  citizen  will  not  be  able  to 
do  everything  himself.  In  many  fields  of  endeavor  he 
must  choose  an  expert  to  do  much  of  his  work  for 
him ;  and  he  will  hold  him  responsible  for  results.  No 
sensible  man  to-day,  untrained  in  the  professions, 

C  105  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

wishes  to  be  his  own  lawyer,  to  a6l  as  his  own  phy- 
sician, to  build  his  own  bridges,  to  plan  his  own  build- 
ings. It  is  the  untrained,  unthinking  man  who  uses 
patent  panaceas  to  cure  his  physical  ills,  or  who  en- 
ters upon  important  business  contra6ls  without  con- 
sulting a  lawyer.  But  the  framing  of  laws  that  are  to 
shape  the  welfare  of  society,  the  putting  of  them  into 
effe6l,  their  interpretation,  is  work  demanding  a  still 
higher  degree  of  skill,  inasmuch  as  they  depend  to  a 
still  greater  extent  upon  the  infinite  variety  of  human 
motive  and  the  variability  of  human  feeling. 

How  far  can  the  citizens  be  trusted  to  a6l  for  them- 
selves.? How  far  should  they  rely  upon  experts  or 
representatives  to  guide  their  a6lions  ?  Can  this  ques- 
tion be  answered  in  a  word  for  all  states  and  circum- 
stances ?  Must  this  not  depend  entirely  upon  the  lo- 
cality and  the  conditions  existing  therein,  on  the  one 
hand,  and  on  the  other  upon  the  nature  of  the  ques- 
tion at  issue.?  Self-government  is  often  not  so  largely 
a  matter  of  knowledge  as  a  matter  of  charafter.  The 
wise  man  fit  for  the  modern  citizenship,  whose  inter- 
ests are  bound  up  with  the  welfare  of  society,  which 
in  itself  is  composed  of  innumerable  citizens,  with 
various  and  shifting  views  and  confli6ling  interests, 
must  be  a  man  of  patience,  with  self-restraint,  with 
wisdom, — a  man  ready  to  com  promise  with  the  views 
of  others, so  long  as  those  views  are  honest ;  one  who 
believes  that  others  have  rights  equal  to  his  own,  and 
who  is  willing  to  tolerate  opinions  divergent  from  his. 
Many  nations  and  many  peoples  have  not  yet  attained 
this  spirit  needed  for  the  right  self-government.  We 
must  aim  to  get  our  people  trained  in  all  these  vir- 
C    ,06  ] 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

tues ;  they  are  even  more  essential  than  knowledge. 
Nowhere  else  in  the  world,  however,  have  people 
had  so  long  or  so  successful  experience  in  self-gov- 
ernment as  in  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
and  her  English-speaking  colonies.  Our  people  in 
most  parts  of  our  country  have  attained  these  quali- 
ties to  so  great  an  extent  that  they  can  be  trusted  to 
settle  many  questions  for  themselves. 

But  what  type  of  question  may  or  can  the  people 
settle  without  the  aid  of  experts  ?  Many  subje6ls  from 
their  nature  are  so  complicated  that  the  average  busi- 
ness man,  whose  time  must  be  chiefly  given  to  his 
own  personal  affairs,  cannot  hope  to  settle  them.  He 
ought  not  even  to  venture  an  independent  judgment 
upon  them  any  more  than  upon  a  question  of  tech- 
nical law  or  of  surgery.  Questions  of  monetary  pol- 
icy, of  methods  of  taxation,  of  the  regulation  of  cor- 
porations, are  far  more  complicated  than  ordinary 
questions  of  business  or  of  science.  Such  matters 
should  be  referred  to  experts,  who  should  recom- 
mend and  ultimately  in  efFec^t,  through  the  people's 
representatives,  make,  interpret,  and  administer  the 
laws.  The  people  will  judge  the  results  and  approve 
or  condemn  the  lawmaker  or  administrator.  And  yet 
eleftions  are  often  settled  and  legislative  decrees 
are  issued  by  men  not  competent  fully  to  under- 
stand the  bearing  of  their  a6ts.  The  people  must  take 
the  consequences  until  they  learn  to  choose  aright. 
And  though  the  consequences  may  be  harmful  for  a 
time,  they  will  not  be  ruinous  or  irreparable.  The  citi- 
zens in  due  time  will  learn.  They  know  now  whom 
they  do  trust.  They  will  gradually  learn  who  is  worthy 
C    1°7   1 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

of  trust.  If  they  are  willing,  it  is  better  for  them  to 
choose  an  agent  who  knows,  than  to  try  to  settle  such 
technical  questions  themselves. 

But, on  the  far  more importantquestions, the  really 
fundamental  questions  of  rights  and  duties, the  people 
not  merely  ought  themselves  to  decide;  they  alone 
can  decide,  for  their  wishes  in  themselves  when  de- 
liberate make  their  decisions  right.  The  course  of  his- 
tory, too,  shows  that  as  civilization  has  developed, 
the  voice  of  the  people  on  such  matters  has  proved 
to  be  right.  Shall  a  country  be  slave  or  free.?  Shall  a 
man's  domicile  be  held  free  from  invasion  ^  In  what 
way  shall  a  people  sele6l  its  rulers.?  What  degree 
of  power  shall  be  placed  in  the  ruler's  hands.?  All 
these  fundamental  questions  of  governmental  rights 
and  governmental  duties  can  be  most  wisely  settled 
by  the  people  themselves.  Such  questions  are  simple, 
dire6l,  require  no  technical  knowledge,  no  technical 
training.  They  require  only  honesty  of  purpose,  tol- 
eration for  the  rights  of  one's  neighbors,  readiness 
when  opinions  confli(5l  to  compromise  on  what  will 
most  nearly  meet  the  wishes  of  all,  willingness  to 
accept  the  judgment  of  the  majority.  On  such  ques- 
tions the  people's  rule  should  be  dire6l. 

This  test  is  a  fair  one  to  apply  to  the  great  ques- 
tions of  the  day.  If  our  constitutions  have  been 
properly  drawn,  they  have  to  do  only  with  matters 
fundamental  to  government.  The  right  of  trial  by 
jury,  of  habeas  corpus,  of  property,  of  free  assem- 
blage, of  ele6lion  of  senators  by  the  people,  of  a  sin- 
gle term  for  president,  of  the  appointment  of  judges, 
fundamental  as  they  are,  touch  only  simple  questions 
[   108  ] 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

suitable  for  citizens  to  vote  upon  dire6lly.  Our  forms 
of  government  are  and  should  be  what  the  people 
wish.  The  way  in  which  the  people  shall  change 
these  forms  of  government  to  meet  the  changing 
conditions  of  the  times  is  not  a  complex  matter.  These 
are  all  simple  questions,  though  of  the  profoundest 
significance.  The  question  whether  life  and  liberty 
and  the  pursuit  of  happiness  shall  be  guarded  against 
despotic  usurpation  is  simple.  The  common  man  can 
understand  and  answer  it,  though  it  is  the  most  pro- 
found question  of  government.  Regarding  such  ques- 
tions, whatever  the  people  wish, when  they  really  see 
the  issue,  is  right. 

In  all  the  fields  of  human  a6tion,  as  we  have  seen, 
the  individual  has  been  growing  more  independent 
in  his  judgment,  has  become  continually  more  ready 
to  bear  responsibility,  and  fortunately  also,  in  spite 
of  special  exceptions,  is  becoming  more  willing  to 
recognize  the  rights  of  others  and  to  care  for  the 
welfare  of  all.  Whether  we  wish  it  or  not,  as  now  he 
chooses  his  religion,  the  coming  citizen  will  deter- 
mine for  himself  what  laws  he  will  pass  upon  dire6lly, 
what  ones  he  will  leave  to  legislatures  to  formulate 
and  to  the  courts  to  interpret. 

All  of  our  constitutions  at  the  present  day  provide 
methods  for  their  own  amendment. Such  amendments 
are  proposed  by  legislators, by  constitutional  conven- 
tions, by  petition.  Whatever  the  people  themselves 
consider  fundamental  they  put  in  the  constitutions  at 
their  will.  If  they  are  not  discriminating  and  place 
in  the  constitutions  matters  of  temporary,  changing 
interest,  such  as  savings  bank  laws  or  forestry  laws, 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  progress  of  society  is  likely  to  be  blocked  by  the 
difficulty  of  amendment.  That  they  will  learn  by  ex- 
perience. If,  on  the  other  hand,  they  place  in  the  con- 
stitutions only  matters  really  fundamental  that  have 
to  do  only  with  the  form  of  government  or  with  the 
rights  of  citizens,  much  more  can  wisely  be  left  to  the 
legislatures  and  the  courts. 

As,  however,  the  people  grow  in  intelligent  know- 
ledge of  social  conditions,  they  may  wisely  take  more 
into  their  own  hands  and  leave  less  to  the  experts 
whom  they  choose.  As  the  people  themselves  make 
their  constitutions,  it  is  for  them  to  say  how  and  when 
they  shall  be  amended.  If  a  legislature  chosen  by  the 
people,  a6ling  in  accord  with  the  will  of  the  people, 
passes  a  law  that  the  courts  declare  unconstitutional, 
the  people  ultimately  will  surely  decide  whether  or 
not  they  wish  the  constitution  amended  so  as  to  carry 
out  their  will.  The  declaration  of  a  court  that  an  a6l  is 
unconstitutional  is  not  hostile  to  the  people's  rights. 
It  merely  refers  the  matter  back  to  the  people  to  de- 
cide whether  on  second  thought  they  wish  to  insist 
upon  their  will  as  expressed  in  the  law,  or  whether 
they  will  abide  by  their  earlier  judgment  as  expressed 
in  the  constitution.  If  they  wish  to  move  with  the 
changing  times  and  insist  upon  their  law,  thus  amend- 
ing the  constitution,  surely  they  are  a6ling  in  the 
spirit  of  to-day,  and  that  would  be  a  recall  of  a  judi- 
cial decision. 

As  in  the  fields  of  religion  and  morals  and  busi- 
ness, so  also  in  the  field  of  politics  we  must  expe6l 
more  innovations  as  the  people  become  better  trained 
and  more  self-reliant.  We  must  expe6l  the  progress 


THE  COMING  CITIZENSHIP 

of  the  future  to  be  more  rapid  than  that  of  the  past. 
We  must  urge  changes  in  legal  methods  and  in  legal 
regulations  to  come  more  quickly  with  the  more  rapid 
changes  in  business  methods  and  with  the  growing 
spirit  of  independence  and  tolerance  in  the  fields  of 
morals  and  religion. 

What,  then,  is  our  duty  as  citizens.^  What,  then, 
is  your  duty,  young  men  and  women  just  entering 
upon  the  field  of  the  citizen's  a6live  life.'^  The  trend 
of  the  times  demands  a  greater  degree  of  individ- 
uality, of  independence,  but  more  and  alw^ays  more 
it  demands  an  unselfish  social  aim.  You,  as  the  com- 
ing citizens,  should  so  train  yourselves  that  you  will 
know  better  when  to  rely  upon  the  judgment  of  ex- 
perts, when  to  rely  upon  your  own  individual  judg- 
ment. If  you  see  clearly  the  public  welfare,  if  you  are 
unselfish  in  your  desires,  you  can  do  your  duty.  The 
better  you  are  educated  and  the  more  wisely  you  can 
think,  the  more  self-reliant  you  should  be,  and  the 
more  careful  in  your  selec^tion  of  experts.  Above  all, 
on  account  of  the  high  responsibility  that  goes  with 
the  privilege  of  the  education  that  has  come  to  you 
through  the  provisions  made  by  this  great  State  in 
this  loved  University,  our  Alma  Mater,  you  should 
be  unselfish  and  patriotic  in  your  determination  to 
serve,  and,  if  need  be,  to  sacrifice  your  personal 
interests  and  yourself  for  the  public  good.  Sacrifice 
is  the  highest  test  of  good  citizenship. 


C  ">  ] 


_.i-L 


SPEECHES 
AT  THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 


SPEECHES 
AT  THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

(  IN  THE  WATERMAN  GYMNASIUM,  THURSDAY  AFTERNOON,  JUNE  27  I 

PRESIDENT   HUTCHINS 

FELLOW  Alumni  of  the  University  of  Michigan : 
It  is  a  great  pleasure  to  me  to  be  here  to-day 
and  to  extend  to  you  words  of  welcome  and  congrat- 
ulation. I  have  always  been  proud  of  the  fa6l  that  I 
was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Michigan,  but 
I  never  was  prouder  of  it  than  I  am  at  this  moment. 

This  is  distin6lly  an  alumni  celebration.  You  have 
come  back  to  the  halls  of  our  Alma  Mater  in  large 
numbers,  and  we  are  certainly  grateful  to  you  for  the 
interest  that  your  coming  indicates.  I  am  sure  that 
I  can  safely  predi6l  that  the  enthusiasm  of  this  occa- 
sion will  have  its  influence  in  the  future  and  will 
result  in  a  continually  increasing  alumni  attendance 
upon  our  Commencement  festivities. 

There  is  much  that  I  might  say  to  you  this  after- 
noon. I  might  speak  of  what  we  are  doing, of  what  we 
have  been  doing,  and  of  what  we  hope  to  do.  I  might 
tell  you  of  the  movement  that  has  resulted  in  the 
organization  of  local  alumni  associations  all  over  the 
State  of  Michigan,  of  what  we  expe6l  to  accomplish 
through  these  centres  of  university  influence.  I  might 
speak  of  the  larger  alumni  movement  that  embraces 
the  whole  country.  Some  of  you,  perhaps,  have  no- 
ticed the  maps  that  have  hung  in  University  Hall  dur- 
ing the  last  few  days  that  show  the  distribution  of  our 
thirty  thousand  alumni  throughout  the  United  States 
and  foreign  countries.  If  these  have  challenged  your 

c  "5 : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

attention,  you  must  have  concluded  that  the  show- 
ing is  a  most  significant  one.  I  might  dwell  upon 
this  and  upon  the  fa6l  that  wherever  the  graduates 
of  the  University  of  Michigan  are  found,  they  are 
doing  things  worth  while.  But  it  is  no  part  of  the 
programme  that  I  should  occupy  your  time  with 
an  address.  I  am  here  simply  to  call  upon  others  to 
speak.  Anything  that  I  may  say  must  be  by  way  of 
brief  introdu6lion.  All  of  you  know  that  the  Univer- 
sity is  very  largely  indebted  to  the  State  whose  name 
it  bears.  What  we  receive  annually  from  the  State 
represents  the  income  from  a  very  large  endowment. 
And  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  say  that  the  people  are, 
in  my  judgment,  behind  the  University.  I  am  very 
sure  that  the  general  sentiment  in  the  State  is  in  favor 
of  the  University.  There  are  indications  on  every  side 
of  a  generous  spirit  toward  the  institution,  and  I  be- 
lieve that  that  spirit  is  to  continue  and  that  the  people 
of  this  Commonwealth  will  see  to  it  that  the  funds 
necessary  to  keep  the  University  in  the  first  rank  are 
forthcoming. 

I  regret  very  much  that  His  Excellency,  the  Gov- 
ernor, cannot  be  with  us  to-day.  As  many  of  you 
know,  he  is  suffering  from  an  accident  that  confines 
him  to  his  home.  He  desires  to  dehver  to  you  a  mes- 
sage of  greeting  and  to  express  his  regrets  that  he 
cannot  take  part  in  these  festivities.  You  know  how 
loyal  a  friend  he  has  been  to  the  University.  He  has 
sent  his  representative,  and  I  take  pleasure  in  present- 
ing the  Honorable  Luther  L.  Wright,  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instru6lion,  who  is  here  to-day  to 
speak  for  the  State  of  Michigan. 


Ml 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

SUPERINTENDENT  LUTHER  L.  WRIGHT,  A.M. 

His  Excellency,  the  Governor  of  Michigan,  has  di- 
re6led  me  to  convey  to  you  his  regards  and  compli- 
ments and  to  read  to  you  these  personal  words: 

The  age  of  a  university  means  nothing  if  taken  only  as  a 
measurement  of  time.  As  indicating  the  early  thought  given 
to  matters  of  higher  education  in  a  new  country,  and  as  an 
index  to  the  character  of  Michigan  pioneers,  it  is  funda- 
mentally important.  The  event  of  which  this  is  a  commem- 
oration is  the  founding  of  the  University  at  Ann  Arbor.  The 
germ  of  the  University  was  implanted  in  1807,  and  had  its 
first  tangible  development  in  1817.  So  to-day  we  will  remem- 
ber with  grateful  appreciation  the  names  of  the  Re^  erend 
Gabriel  Richard  and  the  Reverend  John  Monteith.  We  will 
put  John  D.  Pierce  in  their  company,  and  credit  these  three 
men  enlisted  in  the  higher  service  of  mankind  with  laying 
the  cornerstone  of  this  prideful  institution. 

I  am  not  to  go  into  details  in  this  brief  message  of  congrat- 
ulation and  recognition  which  Mr.  Wright  has  been  gra- 
cious enough  to  convey  to  you  in  my  behalf.  As  represent- 
ing all  of  the  people  of  Michigan,  I  would  testify  to  their 
love  for  the  University  and  appreciation  of  it,  and  I  would 
gather  and  sound  their  applause  for  all  who  have  served 
the  University  unselfishly — and  their  names  are  multitude. 
No  man,  whether  regent,  president,  dean,  professor,  or  in- 
structor, has  ever  successfully  attached  himself  to  the  Uni- 
versity in  selfishness.  Those  who  have  builded  this  insti- 
tution so  splendidly  and  have  made  it  a  monument  to  the 
finer  and  higher  things  of  life,  have  done  so  for  the  very  love 
of  that  learning  and  justice  which  fit  men  to  best  appreciate 
and  serve  their  fellows. 

Throughout  America,  and  especially  in  the  western  states. 
University  of  Michigan  men  have  led  the  way  in  the  founda- 
tion of  higher  conceptions  of  citizenship,  practical  responsi- 

C   117  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

bility,  and  devotion  to  society.  Those  alumni  who  have  paid 
their  indebtedness  to  the  State  for  the  education  it  gave  them, 
have  done  so  in  the  best  manner  through  citizen  service — 
and  almost  all  have  paid  back  something.  The  gathering 
forces  of  the  years  of  endeavor,  set  in  motion  by  clear  direc- 
tion here,  are  doing  their  part  in  the  betterment  of  the  world 
and  in  making  conditions  that  permit  a  more  real  happiness 
of  mankind. 

As  the  University  grows  greater  and  stronger,  it  is  more 
and  more  consecrated  to  morals  and  brotherhood  as  compan- 
ions of  higher  truth.  The  broadening  of  the  university  spirit 
permits  the  display  here  of  both  truth  and  error.  There  is  no 
better  way  to  cure  error  than  to  expose  it  to  view  and  discus- 
sion. There  is  no  better  way  to  impress  and  magnify  truth 
than  to  give  it  living  competition  with  error. 

Another  thing  has  been  achieved  as  the  years  are  building 
their  pyramid,  and  that  is  a  finer  democracy  of  education 
as  contrasted  with  the  old  spirit  of  intellectual  aristocracy 
and  exclusiveness.  After  all,  the  great  educator  and  moral- 
ist spoke  in  words  of  wisdom  when  he  said  that  the  most 
complete  education  is  one  that  addresses  the  mind  to  higher 
purposes  and  fits  the  heart  for  mighty  love. 

I  do  not  wish  to  close  this  message  without  acknowledging 
the  service,  and  spirit  in  which  it  is  rendered,  of  the  Board 
of  Regents,  your  President,  the  President  Emeritus,  and  all 
the  Faculties.  The  University  will  progress  as  they  will  it; 
and  it  will  have,  and  I  may  safely  pledge  it,  the  support  of 
Michigan  in  its  effort  to  lead  the  way,  as  it  has  always  led 
the  way,  in  the  work  of  finished  democratic  education. 

Chase  S.  Osborn, 

Governor  of  Michigan. 

There  is  in  this  State  among  all  the  people  an  un- 
usual feeling  of  pride,  afFeftion,  veneration, and  loy- 
alty for  this  University.  This  is  in  ameasure  personal, 

[    H8   ] 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

an  expression  of  the  veneration  and  afFe6lion  of  our 
people  for  a  man.  He  who  would  attack  either  is  one 
who  would  lay  profane  hands  on  the  ark  of  the  cove- 
nant. The  University  is  the  crown  of  the  state  system 
of  education, — the  University,  the  High  School,  the 
Primary  School.  Each  is  a  public  servant  devoted  to 
service  that  is  most  precious,  a  family  among  whose 
members  exist  perfe6l  accord  and  fostering  care  of 
the  elder  brother. 

Including  all  the  money  that  has  passed  from  the 
treasury  of  the  State — including  interest  on  the  sale 
of  lands — in  the  seventy-five  years  the  State  has  paid 
over  to  the  University  nearly  $12,000,000,  about 
one-half  of  this  being  in  interest  and  the  rest  in  di- 
re6l  appropriation.  This  year  now  closing  the  State 
has  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan nearly  one-tenth  of  that  amount,  1 1 ,1 57,000.  But 
the  State  has  paid  for  the  support  of  common  schools 
in  primary  school  money  nearly  |68, 000,000.  During 
the  past  year  there  has  been  paid  from  state  funds 
and  land  and  taxes  for  the  support  of  the  common 
schools  of  Michigan  nearly  $  16,000,000.  The  value 
of  the  University  plant  is  $4,000 ,000,  the  value  of  the 
common  school  plants  in  Michigan  is  $36,000,000. 
In  1 843, as  has  been  indicated  by  the  President,  when 
the  only  income  was  interest  on  the  sums  received 
from  the  sale  of  lands,  the  receipts  amounted  to 
$7425. The  largest  sum  paid  from  that  money  previ- 
ous to  1869  was  $56,250,  which  was  received  in  1862. 

Large  sums  are  paid  by  the  State  for  other  educa- 
tional institutions  which  in  many  states  are  depart- 
ments of  the  University. 

C    "9  •] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

The  fun6lion  of  any  public  institution  is  to  serve 
the  people  by  whom  and  for  whom  it  was  created  and 
by  whom  its  expenses  are  paid.  It  is  important  that 
any  such  institution  should  keep  this  constantly  in 
mind,  and  it  is  important  that  the  people  shall  feel 
that  this  is  the  purpose  of  the  institution.  With  the 
University  the  field  is  limitless,  its  possibilities  for 
service  are  without  bounds. 

The  fun6lion  of  the  primary  schools  of  the  State, 
as  I  see  it,  is  to  serve  the  community, — to  prepare 
its  pupils  for  college;  to  train  its  pupils  to  make  a 
living;  to  give  them  culture  enough  to  enjoy  that  liv- 
ing; and  to  train  for  citizenship. 

Of  the  800,000  children  of  school  age  in  the  State 
of  Michigan  nearly  one-half  who  attend  school  go  to 
the  one-room  country  school.  That  is  an  educational 
problem  deserving  the  study  and  consideration  of  the 
faculties  of  this  and  other  universities.  The  funftion 
of  the  country  school  should  be  to  prepare  for  coun- 
try life.  Now  it  seems  to  teach  only  the  things  which 
boys  and  girls  like  and  need  when  they  go  to  the  city 
to  live.  The  country  schools  do  not  have  equal  facili- 
ties with  the  city.  The  difficulty  is  that  numbers  and 
facilities  are  limited.  The  remedy  is  to  provide  town- 
ship high  or  union  schools  with  sufficient  equipment 
to  satisfy  and  attra6l  our  boys  and  girls. 

As  far  as  one  man  may  represent  the  educational 
facilities  of  this  State,  I  bring  to  this  University  the 
greetings,  felicitations,  and  acknowledgments  of  the 
educational  a6livities  of  the  State  and  ask  from  the 
University  considerate  cooperation  and  reciprocity. 
In  the  name  of  the  people  of  the  State,  in  the  name 
[   120  ] 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

of  the  Governor,  and  with  the  voice  of  the  people,  I 
say:  Salve  Universitas  Michiganensium. 

PRESIDENT    HUTCHINS 

Forty-one  years  ago  to-day,  in  yonder  Methodist 
Church,  the  commencement  exercises  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  were  celebrated.  On  that  occasion 
Dr.  James  B.  Angell  was  inaugurated  President,  and 
the  class  of  1871,  of  which  I  was  a  humble  mem- 
ber, was  turned  loose  upon  the  world.  Dr.  Angell's 
first  official  a6l  was  to  deliver  to  us  our  diplomas.  It 
was  my  great  pleasure  this  morning  to  deliver  to  Dr. 
Angell  the  diploma  that  made  him  the  youngest 
alumnus  of  the  University.  Each  year  since  1871, 
Dr.  Angell  has  been  growing  younger,  so  that  to- 
day I  am  able  to  introduce  him  as  the  youngest  alum- 
nus of  us  all.  I  present  to  you  Dr.  Angell. 

president  emeritus  JAMES  BURRILL  ANGELL,  LL.D. 

We  have  all  heard  a  great  deal  of  the  fountain  of 
youth.  I  never  suspe6led  that  the  obje6l  which  the 
Regents  of  the  University  had  was  to  open  that  foun- 
tain of  youth  to  me.  I  have  had  many  surprises  at 
the  hands  of  the  Board  of  Regents  during  my  pre- 
sidency, but  I  was  not  prepared  for  this;  I  desire  to 
return  my  hearty  thanks  to  them  for  enabling  me 
to  take  my  position  on  something  like  equal  terms 
with  the  rest  of  you.  I  have  had  to  maintain  a  quasi- 
official  relation  to  you  in  years  past  which  involved 
many  perplexing  situations.  Now,  it  seems,  I  can  sa- 
lute the  gentlemen  here  as  my  brothers,  and  I  do  not 
know  but  I  may  venture  to  salute  the  ladies  as  my 

C  121  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

sisters ;  we  all  know  that  nothing  is  more  flattering  to 
a  young  man  than  to  have  a  young  woman  tell  him 
that  she  regards  him  as  her  brother. 

There  are  some  other  perplexing  and  curious  rela- 
tions coming  out  of  this  thing,  for  I  am  made  brother 
of  my  two  sons.  I  have  also  been  accustomed  in  de- 
livering baccalaureate  addresses  to  give  many  exhor- 
tations to  you  in  the  last  forty  years  as  to  the  duties 
of  graduates  of  the  University  to  the  State.  I  suppose 
you  should  say  to  me  now, "  Pra6lice  what  you  have 
been  preaching."  I  may  say  that  you  all  appreciate 
that  I  began  my  duties  as  president  very  well  by  giv- 
ing the  degrees  to  the  class  of  1871,  among  whom 
was  the  present  President  of  the  University.  I  have 
always  been  very  proud  of  the  fa6l  that  my  first  a6l 
was  one  so  promising  and  useful  to  the  University, 
and  I  wish  to  say  a  few  words  merely  as  to  the  fa6l 
that  the  result  has  been  one  of  such  marked  benefit 
to  the  University  by  the  accession  of  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  that  class  to  the  presidency  of  this  institution. 
I  am  here  where  I  necessarily  see  a  great  deal  of 
what  is  going  on  in  the  interior  life  of  this  University, 
and  I  wish  to  say  to  you  what  many  of  you  know, that 
I  was  filled  with  great  delight  and  satisfa6lion  when 
the  Regents  chose  my  friend  on  the  left  as  President 
of  the  University  at  the  time  of  my  resignation,  and 
I  have  seen  cause  every  day  since  to  look  upon  that 
a6l  with  increasing  satisfa6lion.  I  am  glad  to  bear  tes- 
timony to  what  you  must  see  many  proofs  of  around 
you,  the  great  prosperity  which  has  come  upon  the 
University  during  his  incumbency  of  his  office.  But 
you  cannot  know  like  those  who  are  here  upon  the 

C  122  3 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

ground  all  that  we  see  and  know  for  ourselves,  the 
signs  of  internal  prosperity  and  harmony  and  enthu- 
siasm which  exist  throughout  the  whole  life  of  the 
University.  And  I  would  also  like  to  endorse  what  he 
has  said  about  that  great  enterprise  which  has  really 
been  due  to  him  in  such  large  measure,  the  organ- 
ization of  the  alumni  associations  through  the  State 
and  the  rest  of  the  United  States.  No  one  except  one 
who  is  here  upon  the  ground  can  appreciate  what  an 
amount  of  labor  it  has  called  for  at  his  hands ;  and 
also  the  other  multifarious  duties  which  have  come 
upon  him, and  which  must  come  upon  every  president 
now  from  the  largely  expanding  and  more  compli- 
cated life  and  organization  of  this  great  institution. 
It  takes  the  whole  force  of  a  strong  and  wise  man, 
you  may  well  believe,  to  bear  this  burden  and  keep 
his  health  and  strength  and  good  spirits,  and,  I  may 
add,  his  good  temper.  I  wish  to  congratulate  the  Uni- 
versity and  congratulateyou  that  as  you  come  up  here 
from  year  to  year  you  will  find  it  in  such  competent 
hands,  and  one  cannot  but  dream  often,  if  he  is  in  my 
place,  of  what  is  to  come  here  in  the  years  that  are 
before  him. 

Old  men  dream  dreams  as  well  as  young  men.  I 
am  not  going  to  describe  our  dreams,  but  simply  say 
that  we  are  allowed  to  have  them,  and  are  perplexed 
even  to  conje6lure  what  is  to  be  the  outcome  of  the 
rapid  growth  of  this  institution  in  the  next  twenty-five 
years.  Some  of  you  will  live  to  come  up  here  and  cele- 
brate the  one  hundredth  anniversary.  I  could  wish 
to  be  spared  until  then,  but  I  don't  suppose  that  any 
number  of  degrees  will  give  me  that  privilege.  One 
C   123  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

cannot  help  looking  forward  with  the  greatest  ex- 
pe6lation  and  greatest  delight  in  imagining  what  this 
institution  is  to  be  and  what  it  is  to  do  for  the  State 
of  Michigan  and  the  country  in  twenty-five  years  of 
such  rapidly  increasing  prosperity  and  usefulness  as 
are  coming  upon  it  in  these  days  of  ours. 

I  am  delighted  to  be  able  to  look  you  in  the  face 
once  more.  One  is  always  tempted  at  my  age  to  be- 
come garrulous,  so  I  have  to  put  brakes  on  myself 
when  I  refle6l  that  in  this  great  Faculty  of  four  hun- 
dred persons  and  more,  there  are  on  the  grounds 
but  two  men  who  were  here  when  I  came,  that  is, 
Mr.  Beman,  now  Professor  of  Mathematics,  then  In- 
stru6lor,  and  Professor  D'Ooge.  I  am  sorry  to  say 
that  Dr.  D'Ooge  is  going  to  leave  us  as  the  sun  sets 
to-night,  so  that  I  can  only  figure  hereafter  as  a  sort 
of  prehistoric  President,  contributing  but  little  effec- 
tive work,  yet  giving  myself  always  to  your  service 
and  to  your  affe6lion. 

PRESIDENT  HUTCHINS 

When  I  entered  the  University  of  Michigan  in  the 
fall  of  1867, 1  found  here  a  vigorous  young  assistant 
professor  who  was  just  entering  upon  what  has  proved 
to  be  a  long  and  most  effe6live  academic  career.  As 
Dr.  Angell  has  said.  Professor  D'Ooge,  honored  and 
beloved  by  all,  closes  his  official  conne61ion  with  the 
University  of  Michigan  to-day.  It  has  seemed  to  me 
to  be  eminently  fitting  that  on  this  occasion  I  should 
ask  him  to  say  a  word  to  the  alumni,  delegates,  and 
friends  that  are  here  gathered. 


I 


i 


f 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

PROFESSOR   MARTIN   LUTHER  D'OOGE,  LL.D. 

Mr.  President,  Gentlemen  of  the  Board  of  Regents, 
Fellow  Alumni,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  A  small  com- 
pany of  us  celebrated  last  evening  at  my  house  in  a 
reunion  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  class  of  1862. 
It  is  significant  that  the  record  of  a  class  that  is  hold- 
ing its  reunion  should  cover  two-thirds  of  the  entire 
period  of  the  history  of  this  University.  Fifty  years 
ago  forty-nine  of  us  were  sent  forth  from  the  liter- 
ary department  of  our  Alma  Mater,  then  a  blushing 
matron  of  twenty-five  years,  into  the  arena  of  life. 
Fourteen  of  the  forty-nine  remain,  and  seven  came 
together  last  evening.  Men  die,  but  institutions  live. 
We  are  witnesses  to-day  of  the  astonishing  growth 
and  development  of  our  Alma  Mater,  who  is  still, 
when  we  compare  her  with  the  older  universities  of 
Europe,  in  the  heyday  of  her  youth. 

Many  and  great  contrasts  present  themselves 
before  us  as  we  think  of  the  fifty  years  that  have 
passed  since  we  bade  adieu  to  these  halls.  Time  does 
not  permit  me  to  point  out  these  contrasts,  nor  is  it 
necessary  after  the  eloquent  commemorative  oration 
which  we  heard  yesterday.  This  is  a  day  of  memo- 
ries, sacred  and  happy.  First  of  all  we  recall  the  great 
President,  the  founder  of  our  University,  Henry  P. 
Tappan.  His  majestic  presence,  his  commanding  elo- 
quence, his  lofty  chara6ler  still  rise  visible  before 
us,  and  we  still  can  hear  his  voice  addressing  us: 
"Young  Gentlemen,"  his  favorite  term.  As  one  of 
my  classmates  said  to  me  the  other  day, "When 
President  Tappan  said  'Young  Gentlemen 'every  fel- 

C  125  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

low  grew  an  inch."  Those  of  you  who  will  be  here 
next  commencement  will  see  placed  upon  the  walls 
of  our  Alumni  Memorial  Hall,  in  honor  of  his  mem- 
ory, a  relief  in  bronze  opposite  the  relief  in  bronze 
of  the  second  great  President  of  this  University, 
whose  benign  presence  here  to-day  adds  so  much 
interest  and  joy  to  this  high  festival.  We  recall  that 
noble  band  of  teachers,  our  professors.  There  was 
first  of  all  our  professor  of  mathematics  and  physics, 
good  old  Dr.  Williams,  wise,  witty,  and  to  our  faults 
so  wonderfully  kind.  Then  there  was  our  professor 
of  Greek,  Boise,  accurate,  exa6l,  of  whom  it  was 
said  that  he  would  die  for  an  enclitic,  a  masterful 
teacher.  Then  there  was  Professor  Frieze,  the  lover 
of  the  Muses,  a  man  of  the  finest  and  most  delicately 
strong  nature,  aesthetic,  who  made  us  all  wish  to  be 
the  gentleman  that  he  was.  Then  there  was  our  pro- 
fessor of  French,  Fasquelle.  He  never  could  get  the 
English  emphasis,  as  he  called  it;  teacher  courteous 
and  kind,  of  the  old  school.  There  w^as  Professor 
Winchell,  who  talked  eloquently  of  star  dust  and 
cosmogony  and  never  could  find  out  the  culprit  who 
was  playing  pranks  in  the  class.  Time  is  too  limited 
to  mention  all  of  the  others.  There  is  one,  however, 
and  he  not  the  least  of  all,  our  professor  of  history, 
Andrew  D.  White,  whom  we  gladly  salute  here  to- 
day. How  much  he  did  for  us  in  our  raw  youth  we 
cannot  tell  him;  how  he  inspired  us  by  his  enthu- 
siasm for  scholarship,  how  he  humanized  us  by  the 
touch  of  his  personality.  What  lessons  he  drew  for 
us  from  the  history  of  the  French  Revolution  and 
Guizot's  History  of  Civilization,  lessons  which  he  is 
C    126   ] 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

still, during  all  these  years,  teaching  to  this  Common- 
wealth and  to  all  the  commonwealths  of  our  great 
American  Republic.  We  load  him  with  our  benedic- 
tions and  utter  the  old  prayer,  Serus  in  ccelum  redeas. 

When  we  were  taking  our  diplomas  from  the 
hands  of  President  Tappan  it  was  not  amid  the  peace- 
ful scenes  of  this  June  day,  unbroken  save  for  the 
tumults  of  the  conventions  in  Chicago  and  Baltimore. 
The  roar  of  the  guns  on  southern  battlefields  was 
penetrating  through  many  a  northern  home  and 
smiting  the  heart  of  our  Alma  Mater  with  sorrow  in 
the  death  of  her  noblest  sons.  The  very  day  that  we 
received  our  diplomas  from  the  hands  of  President 
Tappan  a  train  passed  through  Ann  Arbor  carrying 
the  mortal  remains  of  Albert  Nye,  the  most  brilliant 
member  of  our  class,  to  his  former  home.  Carpenter, 
Hurd,  Jewett,  Nelson,  Nye,  and  others  like  them 
who  gave  their  young  lives  to  their  country,  need  no 
eulogy  at  our  hands.  A  united,  prosperous,  and  happy 
nation  speaks  their  praise.  Of  them  it  may  be  said  as 
Simonides,  the  Greek  lyric  poet,  said  of  those  who 
fell  at  Thermopylae,"  Glorious  is  their  fortune,  noble 
is  their  lot;  their  graves  are  altars;  praise  instead  of 
pity,  grateful  recolle6lion  instead  of  tears  are  theirs ; 
neither  rust  nor  all-subduing  time  shall  cause  to  per- 
ish the  memory  of  their  valor.'* 

But  I  must  not  dwell  longer  upon  those  happy  and 
sacred  memories.  This  is  also  a  day  of  vision  as  well 
as  a  day  of  memory.  Fear  has  been  expressed  that 
possibly  if  this  University  should  increase  in  the  next 
few  decades  as  it  has  in  the  past  in  the  number  of  its 
students,  it  would  be  impossible  to  care  for  them  on 
C    127   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

this  campus,  and  that  centres  might  have  to  be  cre- 
ated in  various  parts  of  our  State  to  provide  facili- 
ties for  the  instru6lion  of  the  muhitudes  who  would 
flock  to  the  University.  How  that  may  be  I  cannot 
say,  and  I  for  one  frankly  confess  that  I  personally 
do  not  cherish  this  ambition  that  we  may  become  so 
big.  For,  ladies  and  gentlemen  and  fellow  alumni, 
what  a  university  achieves  for  mankind  is  not  meas- 
ured by  size  and  numbers.  The  Academy  at  Athens 
had  but  one  teacher  and  one  student,  but  that  teacher 
was  Plato  and  that  student  was  Aristotle,  and  Plato 
and  Aristotle  have  done  more  for  the  progress  of 
mankind  than  the  University  of  Cairo  with  its  thou- 
sands of  students  and  with  its  hundreds  of  teachers. 
I  venture  to  express  the  hope  that  the  ambition  and 
rivalry  for  numbers  that  is  so  dominant  a  force  in  the 
administration  of  some  of  our  universities  may  not 
blind  our  Alma  Mater  to  the  supreme  value  of  high 
ideals  and  noble  impulses ;  ideals  and  impulses  that 
shall  shape  and  control  the  educational  system  of  this 
State  and  of  the  Nation.  My  ambition  for  my  Alma 
Mater  is  that  she  may  maintain  her  leadership 
among  our  great  state  universities  in  the  progress 
of  sound  educational  reform,  in  the  adaptation  of  edu- 
cation to  the  service  and  the  best  service  of  the  State. 
The  servant  of  the  State.?  Yes,  but  not  the  creature  of 
public  opinion  but  the  creator  of  public  opinion,  the 
educator  of  the  public  mind  in  matters  of  education. 
Progressive .?  Yes,  but  not  losing  sight  of  the  precious 
heritage  of  the  past.  Learning  from  the  successes  and 
failures  of  rival  universities,  but  not  treading  slav- 
ishly in  their  footsteps.  Self-contained,  but  not  out  of 

[    128    ] 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

sympathy  with  the  spirit  of  the  times.  The  Univer- 
sity,the  leader,the  moulder, the  dire6lor,the  inspirer 
of  all  noble  effort  for  the  service  of  the  State  and  of 
the  Nation.  To  this  high  mission  may  our  Alma  Mater 
ever  remain  faithful! 

The  President  has  referred  to  the  fa6l  that,  yield- 
ing to  the  relentless  hand  of  time,  I  am  about  to  lay 
down  the  a6live  duties  of  my  professorship.  I  wish 
to  give  a  word  of  greeting  and  of  Godspeed  to  all 
my  old  students,  whether  present  or  absent.  In  many 
ways  I  have  learned  more  from  them  than  they  from 
me,  and  I  am  their  debtor  and  they  are  my  credit- 
ors. Fellow  students,  former  students,  loving  friends, 
God  bless  you !  If  I  have  any  parting  word  to  say  to 
my  Alma  Mater  as  I  leave  her  ranks,  let  it  be  this: 
may  she  ever  cherish  the  great  purpose  to  send  out 
men  and  women  of  high  ideals,  who  shall  exalt  learn- 
ing above  lucre  and  service  above  self.  May  her  Fac- 
ulties possess  that  catholicity  of  mind  that  shall  recog- 
nize the  just  claims  of  all  branches  of  learning,  the 
interdependence  of  all  forms  of  science,  and  the  unity 
of  all  truth.  May  she  do  her  full  share  in  cherishing 
the  spirit  of  research  and  in  pushing  out  the  limits  of 
the  known  into  the  realm  of  the  unknown,  and  raise 
up  a  band  of  explorers  and  discoverers  who  shall  illu- 
mine the  pathway  of  mankind  in  its  march  forward 
and  upward.  In  the  hands  of  the  efficient  President  of 
this  University  our  Alma  Mater  is  safe.  Crescat,fo- 
reat,  esto  perpetiia. 

PRESIDENT   HUTCHINS 

During  this  Commencement  the  class  of  1872  has 

C  129  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

been  celebrating  the  fortieth  anniversary  of  its  grad- 
uation. I  take  the  Hberty  of  calling  upon  President 
Robert  S.  Woodward,  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of 
Washington,  to  speak  for  the  class  of  1 872. 


PRESIDENT  ROBERT  SIMPSON  WOODWARD,  LL.D. 

Mr.  President,  Fellow  Alumni,  Friends  of  the  Uni- 
versity :  In  bringing  to  the  University  of  Michigan  the 
congratulations  and  greetings  of  our  class,  I  should 
like  to  pay  my  respe6ls  first  to  the  numerous  presi- 
dents of  the  University  with  whom  it  has  been  the 
good  fortune  of  our  class  to  be  acquainted.  We 
have  known  them  all  except  Dr.Tappan.  First, there 
was  the  gentle  Haven,  and  after  him  the  gentler 
Frieze,  that  man  with  an  exquisitely  sensitive  soul ; 
then  there  came  the  imperturbably  serene  Angell, 
who  has  won  all  our  hearts ;  and  lastly  comes  Presi- 
dent Hutchins,  w^ho  was  a  member  of  our  contempo- 
rary class  of  1 8  7 1 .  Since  September,  forty-four  years 
ago,  I  have  had  profound  respe6l  for  him ;  for  during 
that  month  it  became  necessary  for  the  classes  of  1 8  7 1 
and  1872  to  go  into  executive  session  for  a  short  time 
over  hereon  the  campus  south  of  University  Hall, and 
it  was  my  good  fortune  to  measure  strength  with 
the  now  President  of  the  University.  The  subsequent 
events  entailed  the  services  of  a  tailor.  Further  ex- 
planations along  this  line  are  not  necessary.  I  only 
wish  to  emphasize  the  faft  that  since  then  I  have  had 
a  profound  respe6l  for  him,  and  I  fully  agree  with  all 
that  has  been  said  by  my  predecessors  to-day  con- 
cerning his  abilities. 

C  130  n 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

Concerning  another  president, or  a6ling  president, 
I  may  be  permitted,  as  a  person  who  never  studied 
Latin  in  the  University, to  say  a  few  words. The  class 
of  1872  was  a  remarkable  class.  We  entered  upon 
many  investigations  not  set  down  in  what  Professor 
Olney  called  the  "Synchronistic  View,"  and  we  did 
many  things  which  would  not  be  considered  entirely 
decorous  in  these  calmer  days.  It  happened  in  the 
sophomore  year  that  some  of  those  works  we  under- 
took resulted  in  the  need  of  reparation  to  the  Uni- 
versity, and  that  brought  me  as  class  president  into 
intimate  relations  with  that  wonderfully  delightful 
man,  Dr.  Frieze.  I  think  it  may  be  said  without  ex- 
aggeration that  this  led  to  a  friendship  and  intimacy 
which  enabled  me  to  get  far  more  from  him  than  my 
fellow  students  who  took  Latin  under  him. 

The  class  of  1872,  as  has  been  explained  here  to- 
day, is  remarkable  among  other  things  for  having  as 
members  the  first  two  women  who  have  been  gradu- 
ated from  the  University.  And  I  am  pleased  to  inform 
those  who  are  not  already  aware  of  the  fa6l,  that 
these  two  women  have  celebrated  with  us  on  this  for- 
tieth anniversary.  Of  the  eighty-six  who  were  gradu- 
ated with  us  forty  years  ago  we  mustered  about  forty 
yesterday,  although  more  than  one-third  of  the  entire 
number  have  passed  over  to  the  majority. 

I  may  not  mention  to  you  the  remarkable  deeds  of 
the  men  and  women  of  1 872 ;  I  should  prefer,  rather, 
being  one  of  the  older  graduates,  to  indulge  in  what 
is  permitted  to  them,  namely,  some  degree  of  remi- 
niscence. I  should  like  to  speak  especially,  though 
briefly,  of  some  of  the  remarkable  men  who  have 

[  131  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

helped  to  make  this  University.  As  some  of  you  are 
aware,  since  leaving  this  institution,  or  being  cast  by 
it  on  the  waters  like  the  proverbial  bread,  it  has  been 
my  fortune  to  be  associated  with  several  academic  in- 
stitutions and  to  have  had  opportunities  to  measure  the 
capacities  of  men  great  in  other  universities.  I  should 
like  to  say  that  comparing  these  men  of  other  univer- 
sities with  my  teachers,  and  with  the  teachers  of  oth- 
ers who  have  been  graduated  from  this  University, 
we  have  a  right  to  conclude  that  this  University  has 
been  great  and  has  prospered  because  there  have  al- 
ways been  good  and  strong  men  conne61:ed  with  it. 

As  most  of  you  know,  I  was  primarily  connected 
as  a  student  of  engineering  with  what  was  then  called 
the  Literary  Department,and  I  was  thus  thrown  into  in- 
timate association  with  a  number  of  its  men.  Professor 
Olney  was  one  of  the  first  of  these, — Olney  of  sacred 
memory, every  se6lion  of  whose  head  was,  as  mathe- 
maticians would  say, a  conic  se6lion.  He  couldn't  help 
being  a  mathematician.  Then  there  was  the  Nestor 
of  teachers  of  engineering  in  America,  De  Volson 
Wood,  a  man  who  got  more  work  out  of  his  students 
than  all  the  rest  of  the  teachers  in  the  University 
at  that  time.  It  was  a  great  good  fortune  for  me  that 
I  came  into  association  with  a  man  who  was  such  a 
strong, energetic  worker.  It  has  been  said  of  him  that 
as  a  le6lurer  he  rarely  got  anything  right  himself,  but 
he  saw  to  it  that  his  students  got  their  work  right. 

A  noteworthy  experience  of  the  class  of  1872  is 
that  we  were  the  last  to  receive  instru6lion  in  phys- 
ics from  Dr.  Williams,  one  of  the  sweetest  souls  the 
world  ever  produced.  Few  of  his  pupils  ever  learned 

c  132 :) 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

much  physics  from  him,  for  he  would  never  miss  an 
opportunity  to  crack  a  joke  at  their  expense;  and  yet 
he  was  a  man  from  whom  one  quahfied  to  learn  could 
learn  much,  especially  by  visits  to  his  home.  I  look  back 
with  afFe6lion  upon  that  man.  Another  man  from 
whom  I  learned  a  great  deal  was  Professor  Winchell. 
He  was  a  very  remarkable,  perhaps  most  of  you 
would  say  a  remarkably  peculiar,  man.  I  learned  more 
of  Greek  and  Latin  derivatives  from  him  than  I  did 
from  the  formal  study  of  those  languages.  With  Pro- 
fessor Winchell  things  were  never  opposed,  but  they 
were  antithetical ;  and  the  waters  of  the  earth  about 
which  he  talked  so  much  never  soaked  through  the 
soil,  but  they  percolated  down  through  the  interstices 
of  the  superincumbent  strata.  Those  of  you  who  are 
old  enough  will  remember  also  that  "there  were  no 
worms  in  the  Potsdam  Period"  in  his  geology.  He 
was  austere  and  seemed  lacking  in  a  sense  of  humor; 
nevertheless,  to  those  who  penetrated  into  the  inner 
circles  of  the  man, he  was  not  only  remarkable  for  his 
scholarship  but  also  for  the  noble  quality  of  his  ideas 
and  his  impressive  sincerity.  Another  man  with  whom 
I  came  in  conta6l  by  a  happy  accident  was  Dr.  Cocker. 
Perhaps  I  should  explain  that  in  those  good  old  days 
a  student  was  permitted  to  browse  about  somewhat 
more  than  a  student  is  now.  As  I  understand,  it  would 
not  now  be  permitted  to  a  student  primarily  in  engi- 
neering to  stray  into  a  le61:ure  room  and  hear  a  lec- 
ture from  some  one  in  another  field  of  learning.  I  used 
to  like  to  go  in  and  hear  Dr.  Cocker  talk  about  moral 
philosophy,  nominally,  but  really  about  many  other 
subje6ls  as  well,  and  he  turned  out  to  be  one  of  the 
C    133   ] 


i 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

best  teachers  of  physics  I  ever  had.  It  was  by  him  that 
I  was  introduced  for  the  first  time  to  that  master  work 
on  natural  philosophy  by  Thomson  (Lord  Kelvin) 
and  Tait,  well  known  as  The  Principia  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century  to  students  of  mathematico-physical 
science.  Strange  as  it  may  seem,  I  was  induced  to 
study  this  great  work  by  Dr.  Cocker. 

I  used  to  stray  rather  frequently,  also,  into  the  law 
le6lure  room.  There  were  a  number  of  notable  men 
there.  It  was  a  source  of  inspiration  to  walk  in  the 
shadow  of  Professor  Campbell.  He  seemed  to  be  the 
noblest  Roman  of  them  all,  a  sort  of  glorified  Marcus 
Aurelius.In  this  group  there  was  the  critical  Walker, 
who  when  we  were  freshmen  explained  to  us  that, 
smart  as  we  might  think  ourselves  when  we  came  up 
to  the  University,  we  should  probably  find  here  other 
fellows  who  were  a  good  deal  smarter.  That  was  a 
most  excellent  caution,  and  turned  out  to  be  true  in  my 
own  case.  Then  there  was  the  philosophic  Kent.  I  have 
since  had  the  pleasure  of  meeting  him  professionally 
and  socially.  He  always  in  the  old  days  seemed  to 
typify  the  Sphinx.  I  imagine  that  if  he  had  presented 
himself  before  the  Sphinx,  this  solemn  figure  would 
have  winked  at  him  and  said,  "You're  another,"  as 
the  Sphinx  is  said  to  have  done  in  the  case  of  Emer- 
son. Judge  Cooley,  also,  was  a  most  remarkable  man, 
whom  I  came  to  know  better  when  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington as  head  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
sion. He  seemed  to  me  the  most  capable  executive 
I  had  ever  met.  He  could  accomplish  results  by  the 
mere  turn  of  his  hand.  Over  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment there  were  also  remarkable  men.  Some  of  you 
[    134   ] 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

will  understand  me  when  I  say  that  after  having  had 
some  experience  in  the  business  of  exposition,  and 
after  having  heard  many  of  the  leading  expositors  of 
America  as  well  as  of  Europe,  Ford  was  easily  the 
best  expositor  I  have  met.  Then  there  was  Palmer, 
very  effe6live  in  the  combative  controversy  of  his 
day,  along  with  many  others  whom  it  was  a  source 
of  delight  to  hear. 

There  is  one  other  man  whom  I  should  like  to 
mention.  I  have  reserved  him  to  the  last  because  he 
is  more  nearly  in  my  own  line.  I  refer  to  the  facile 
Watson.  Through  Watson  has  descended  in  Amer- 
ica from  the  greater  Brlinnow  the  present  generation 
of  men  who  represent  one  of  the  two  distin6lively 
American  schools  of  astronomers.  Perhaps  most  of 
you  are  not  aware  that  in  the  science  of  astronomy, 
including  all  its  branches,  Americans  have  been  the 
leaders  for  more  than  fifty  years.  Two  schools  have 
been  founded  in  America,  the  first  by  Professor  Ben- 
jamin Peirce  of  Harvard  University  and  the  second 
by  Professor  Brlinnow  of  this  University.  It  was 
Brlinnow  who  introduced  in  America  before  i860 
the  methods  of  the  illustrious  Gauss  and  the  incom- 
parable Bessel,  the  German  astronomers  who  laid 
the  foundations  of  modern  spherical  and  observa- 
tional astronomy.  From  Brlinnow  are  descended 
dire6lly  some  of  the  most  distinguished  American 
astronomers.  Among  his  first  students  were  Asaph 
Hall,  the  discoverer  of  the  moons  of  Mars;  C.  A. 
Young,  long  professor  of  astronomy  at  Dartmouth 
and  Princeton ;  the  veteran  meteorologist,  Cleveland 
Abbe;  and  DeVolson  Wood,  already  referred  to.  Of 

[  ^s5  :\ 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  men  of  the  present  generation  who  can  trace  their 
astronomical  hneage  dire6lly  or  indire6tly  to  Wat- 
son are  several  dire6tors  of  observatories,  namely, 
Snyder  of  the  Philadelphia  Observatory,  Doolittle  of 
the  Flower  Observatory,  Com  stock  of  the  Washburn 
Observatory,  Campbell  of  the  Lick  Observatory,  and 
Hussey  of  the  Detroit  Observatory  of  this  Univer- 
sity. Many  others  of  Watson's  pupils  have  won  dis- 
tin6tion  in  astronomical  theory  or  its  pra6lical  appli- 
cations, especially  in  the  government  surveys.  Among 
others  in  this  line  of  work,  if  I  were  to  go  through 
the  list,  I  might  dare  to  include  myself,  if  I  had  not 
recently  degenerated  from  this  high  science  to  be- 
come a  mere  man  of  affairs. 

These  are  typical  of  the  instru6tors  we  had  in  the 
good  old  days  of  forty  years  ago,  and  it  is  no  exag- 
geration to  say  that  there  has  been  a  long  line  of  such 
men  in  this  University,  and  that  they  have  made  the 
University  what  it  is. 

Some  of  us  are  old  enough,  also,  to  remember  the 
wonderful  material  and  intelleftual  progress  made 
during  the  last  forty  years,  since  the  graduation  of 
the  class  of  1872,  and  how  favorable  have  been  the 
circumstances  for  the  great  development  of  this  Uni- 
versity, taking  part  as  it  has  in  the  progress  of  the  last 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century.  It  has  been  asserted 
that  greater  progress  was  made  in  that  century  by 
our  race  than  in  all  previous  history.  But  the  greatest 
of  all  the  influences  behind  the  University  is  to  be 
found  in  the  great  men  among  its  Faculties.  Judging, 
then,  from  the  progress  of  the  past,  I  think  we  may 
predi6l  with  great  confidence  that  the  State  and  the 

c  136  :\ 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

Regents  and  all  favorable  influences  will  continue 
to  stand  behind  the  University,  and  that  our  Alma 
Mater  will  go  forward  to  still  greater  achievements 
in  the  future. 

PRESIDENT  HUTCHINS 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  present  as  the  next  speaker 
the  distinguished  head  of  a  sister  institution  of  learn- 
ing, Dr.  Ethelbert  Dudley  Warfield,  the  President 
of  Lafayette  College. 

PRESIDENT  ETHELBERT  DUDLEY  WARFIELD,  LL.D. 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen:  One  must 
needs  feel  himself  at  a  great  disadvantage  this  after- 
noon who  does  not  speak  as  a  graduate  or  former  pro- 
fessor of  the  University  of  Michigan.  I  have  greatly 
enjoyed  the  fellowship  of  this  notable  occasion,  and 
have  been  profoundly  impressed  with  the  genius  of 
the  place  as  it  has  been  unfolded.  Though  I  have  no 
title  to  any  part  in  the  fruitful  past  which  has  been 
so  vividly  recalled,  and  am  only  a  looker-on  in  the 
University  to-day, I  have  felt — I  feel  now — no  stran- 
ger in  your  midst.  Though  in  every  respe(5l  repre- 
sentative of  other  institutions,  I  have  the  keenest  ap- 
preciation of  the  unity  of  purpose  and  of  feeling  which 
binds  American  universities  together.  I  like  to  recall 
that  Lafayette  College  was  founded  by  Scotch-Irish 
Presbyterians  in  a  Pennsylvania  German  commu- 
nity and  named  for  a  Roman  Catholic  Frenchman.  I 
may  perhaps  be  pardoned  on  so  informal  an  occasion 
as  this  if  I  make  a  more  personal  reference,  and  say 
that  I  by  inheritance  share  in  a  peculiar  degree  that 
[   137   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

pioneer  chara6ler  which  is  one  of  the  chief  marks  and 
highest  glories  of  your  University.  I  am  descended 
from  a  man  who  was  called  from  the  class-room  of 
old  William  and  Mary  to  a  seat  in  the  Virginia  le- 
gislature at  the  crisis  of  the  Revolution.  He  later  on 
went  to  Kentucky,  became  a  trustee  of  Transylvania 
Academy,  which  on  January  i ,  1 800,  became  Tran- 
sylvania University,  one  of  the  first  of  that  noble 
company  which  have  brought  the  gathered  know- 
ledge of  all  the  ages  to  the  service  of  the  New  West. 

You  have  heard  of  the  man  who  had  large  pos- 
sessions in  heaven — but  all  in  the  name  of  his  wife. 
So  when  I  turn  to  New  England  is  it  with  me.  But 
I  am  glad  that  my  children  claim  descent  from  two 
men  who  in  the  old  colony  days  subscribed,  the  one 
ten  bushels  of"  Indian  corn  "  and  the  other  three,  "to 
build  the  new  brick  college  at  Cambridge." 

It  is  a  satisfa6lion  to  me  to  feel  that  in  the  house- 
hold of  the  president  of  a  Pennsylvania  college  so 
many  strains  meet  together,  and  that  each  with  the 
spirit  of  the  pioneer  brings  a  faith  in  the  power  of  in- 
telle6lual  and  moral  culture  to  elevate  society  and 
energize  man.  Most  of  all  I  rejoice  to  recall  that  the 
sacrifices  made  by  those  far-seeing  patriots  were  not 
in  vain.  The  gifts  for  the  building  of  the  new  brick 
college  at  Cambridge  were  as  much  "seed-corn"  as 
any  planted  in  the  fields  of  the  old  Bay  State,  and 
the  fruitage  has  been  surer,  fuller,  and  more  precious 
to  the  people.  All  of  the  men  who  opened  up  the  way 
sowed  in  faith,  and  faith  as  well  as  wisdom  is  justi- 
fied of  her  children. 

The  founders  were  apostles  of  liberty,  and  they 
[   ^38  ] 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

had  set  their  trust  in  the  belief  that  it  is  truth  that 
makes  us  free.  The  liberty  which  they  loved  was  in- 
separable from  law,  from  order,  from  morals,  and 
from  religion.  They  delighted  to  trace  its  sources 
to  many  springs,  and  they  trusted  that  its  combined 
flood  flowed  on  to  a  very  wide  ocean. 

I  count  myself  happy  on  this  occasion  not  only  to 
be  the  guestof  the  University ,  but  within  the  precin6ls 
of  one  who  so  fully  represents  the  warmth  and  the 
beauty,  the  fascination  and  the  power,  of  those  ele- 
ments of  learning  which  belong  to  classic  antiquity. 
Himself  a  freeman  of  those  mighty  states  which 
shaped  the  laws  of  thought  and  condu6l  for  us.  Pro- 
fessor D'Ooge  has  made  generation  after  generation 
of  Michigan  boys  and  girls  feel  the  life  that  throbs 
to-day  in  the  institutions  and  the  principles  of  a  world 
that  is  as  much  descended  from  Greece  and  Rome 
as  we  are  from  English  and  German  forbears.  The 
winds  that  moved  the  waters  of  the  i^gean  still  stir 
old  memories  for  us,  quite  as  much  as  those  that  rus- 
tled amid  the  reeds  of  Runnymede,  the  primeval  pines 
of  Plymouth,  or  the  oaks  of  our  w^estern  forests. 

This  pride  of  ancestry  may  lay  us  open  to  the  sus- 
picion of  being  aristocrats — a  fearsome  thing  in  view 
of  all  we  hear  to-day.  I  love  the  name  of  democrat, 
but  I  confess  I  praise  the  vocation  of  the  aristocrat. 
In  this  as  in  all  else  we  need  to  distinguish  the  good 
and  the  bad — even  as  \\ith  **  Trusts."  Not  all  demo- 
crats are  equally  admirable,  nor  yet  all  aristocrats 
enemies  of  the  Republic.  Our  colleges  certainly  have 
aristocratic  leanings.  See  how  the  boys  and  girls  come 
flocking  in,  not  that  they  may  be  brought  to  a  com- 
C    ^S9   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

mon  level,  not  that  they  may  swell  a  numerical  ma- 
jority,— and  yet  if  the  University  of  Michigan  con- 
tinues to  grow  at  the  present  pace,  it  will  not  be  long 
before  the  one  fixed  majority  in  the  State  will  be 
one  of  Michigan  graduates.  Go  to  the  football  field; 
see  how  earnestly  the  players  contend  for  the  "  M," 
the  coveted  symbol — not  of  democracy,  but  of  aris- 
tocracy. Come  to  the  class-room,  and  mark  the  men 
who  are  sought  out  all  the  world  over  to  train  and 
teach  the  youth  of  to-day  for  the  services  of  to-mor- 
row. Are  they  chosen  as  representatives  of  the  long 
levels  of  life  and  learning,  or  of  the  soaring  heights 
of  knowledge  or  wisdom  ?  Who  are  the  men  whom 
a  great  nation  still  delights  to  hail  as  its  representa- 
tives.'^ Are  they  types  of  its  majorities,  or  the  happy 
exceptions  from  the  limitations  that  press  upon  the 
masses  of  men.?  Are  they  not,  one  and  all,  the  men 
who  by  the  graceofchara6ler, of  industry, of  achieve- 
ment; by  the  consummate,  synthetic  grace  of  graces, 
the  grace  of  God,  are  the  aristocracy — "the  best 
men".?  He  is  in  my  judgment  the  best  democrat 
who  sees  clearly  that  the  best  fruit  of  democracy  is  a 
true  aristocracy — an  aristocracy  not  of  ancestry,  nor 
of  privilege,  nor  of  office,  nor  of  wealth,  but  an  aris- 
tocracy of  chara6ler,  of  service,  and  of  knowledge. 
Surely  the  glory  of  democracy  is  that  it  offers  every 
incentive  to  each  individual  to  become  wiser,  better, 
and  more  serviceable  to  self,  society,  and  the  state. 

I  should  like  to  pi6f  ure  Democracy,  unlike  the  old 
ideal  of  Justice  with  the  bandaged  eyes,  as  wide-eyed, 
with  searching  gaze,  fearlessly  facing  every  problem 
of  life,  social  and  scientific.  Yet  though  I  should  wish 

C  140  ] 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

my  Democracy  to  be  unafraid  to  open  its  eyes  in  the 
face  of  all  human  things,  I  should  like  it  to  be  un- 
ashamed to  close  them  in  the  presence  of  Almighty 
God.  Yes,  though  I  would  have  Democracy  proudly 
ere6l  in  the  face  of  all  men  and  all  institutions,!  would 
have  the  shoulders  of  Democracy  ample  enough  and 
humble  enough  for  any  and  all  burdens.  And,  in  this 
presence,  let  Democracy  remain  teachable.  Shall  we 
not  after  all  represent  our  triumphant  Democracy 
best  with  a  book,  a  microscope,  and  a  scientific  bal- 
ance— learning;  seeking  truth  rather  than  power.? 

At  any  rate,  here  they  come,  the  boys  and  girls,  the 
men  and  women  of  to-morrow,  who,  trained,  as  no 
generation  before  them  ever  was,  in  the  great  free 
universities  of  our  land,  are  bent  upon  being  and 
doing  what  is  best  for  America  and  the  world.  Out  of 
it  all  I  dare  hope  for  an  aristocracy  of  conduct,  of 
wisdom,  and  of  faith,  controlling,  dire61ing,  and  in- 
spiring the  progress  of  this  beloved  Republic. 

We  sometimes  say  that  those  who  gave  their  little 
gifts  to  found  our  College  builded  better  than  they 
knew.  Let  us  do  them  more  ample  justice.  Let  us 
recognize  that  their  wisdom  and  their  faith  is  our 
greatest  endowment.  Had  their  faith  been  no  bigger 
than  their  purses,  this  had  been  a  poor  land  indeed. 
And  in  what  joy  the  alumni  return  to  these  celebra- 
tions. It  seems  but  yesterday  since  Lafayette  had  its 
seventy-fifth  anniversary.  I  see  again  the  old  men 
comeback  in  all  the  vigor  of  an  immortal  youth  — 
the  springtime  of  the  spirit  of  man.  What  trophies  did 
they  bring  with  them,  honorable  alike  to  their  Alma 
Mater  and  themselves.  How  beautiful  it  was — how 
[   141    ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

beautiful  and  how  inspiring.  Let  us  look  forward  to 
a  yet  higher  reunion  time,  when  all  the  college  men 
and  women  shall  come  with  trophies  of  service  in  their 
hands  to  that  house  not  made  with  hands,  eternal  in 
the  heavens.  Then,  as  now,  shall  we  hear  sweet  tales 
of  wise  and  gentle  deeds,  and  the  oft  repeated  "  Well 
done,  good  and  faithful  servant/' 

PRESIDENT  HUTCHINS 

As  Professor  D'Ooge  has  said  to  you,  we  have  with 
us  this  afternoon  one  of  the  few  surviving  members 
of  the  Faculty  that  served  under  the  first  President  of 
the  University.  I  am  sure  you  would  not  forgive  me 
if  I  brought  these  exercises  to  a  close  without  giv- 
ing you  an  opportunity  to  hear  a  few  words  from  the 
Honorable  Andrew  D.  White. 

THE  HONORABLE  ANDREW  DICKSON  WHITE,  LL.D. 

When  I  yesterday  again  entered  this  campus,  which  is 
fraught  to  me  with  many  of  the  most  delightful  mem- 
ories of  my  life,  I  felt,  in  spite  of  my  eighty  years, 
rather  a  young  man.  To-day  that  feeling  is  somewhat 
changed,  for  I  seem  to  myself  much  like  a  student 
of  ancient  Memphis  or  Thebes  who  had  lived  long 
enough  to  blunder  into  an  Athenian  school  of  the  time 
of  Pericles.  In  my  service  here  I  antedate  every  one 
of  you,  including  President  Angell.  My  le6tures  in 
this  University  were  delivered  in  the  days  when  Dr. 
Tappan  used  once  a  year  to  visit  the  State  Legisla- 
ture,and  in  his  most  eloquent  speeches  to  demonstrate 
to  that  body  that  Michigan  was  a  great  State,  not  by 
virtue  of  her  lakes  or  her  copper  mines,  neither  of 

C    142    j 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

which  were  created  by  her,  but  by  virtue  of  this  Uni- 
versity, which  she  had  nominally  created.  And  I 
remember  his  final  address,  which  he  ended  with 
these  words, — *'  Gentlemen  of  the  Legislature,  I  now 
leave  you;  I  shall  never  set  foot  in  this  capitol  again. 
You  have  insultingly  refused,  as  you  have  generally 
refused,  to  grant  the  University  a  dollar.  I  wait  for 
a  better  time,  which  I  distin6lly  foresee,  a  time  when 
better  men  than  you  will  occupy  the  seats  which  you 
now  hold — better  men  who  are  now  my  boys  at  the 
University." 

Especially  was  it  borne  in  upon  my  mind  this  morn- 
ing that  I  was  not  quite  so  young  as  I  thought  myself 
a  day  or  two  ago.  For  as  I  looked  into  the  faces  of 
those  hundreds  of  splendid  young  men  who  came  up 
to  receive  their  degrees,  I  began  making  a  calcula- 
tion, and  to  my  surprise  discovered  that  I  had  looked 
into  the  faces  of  student  graduating  classes  on  at  least 
sixty  similar  occasions,  and  that  on  twenty  of  these 
occasions  I  myself  had  placed  diplomas  in  the  hands  of 
ingenuous  youth  about  to  go  forth  into  the  battle  of  life. 

The  sight  of  these  young  faces  aroused  in  me  a 
thought  which  had  come  to  me  more  than  once  be- 
fore. It  related  to  a  very  eminent  and  revered  priest 
in  the  city  of  Rome,  St.  Filippo  Neri,  who  in  the  days 
of  Queen  Elizabeth  was  wont,  as  an  old  man,  to  go 
and  sit  by  the  door  of  the  missionary  college  at  Rome, 
that  he  might  see  the  students  entering  and  depart- 
ing, and  who,  when  some  one  asked  him  w^hy  it  was 
that  he  lingered  every  day  in  that  place,  said,  *'  I  wish 
to  feast  my  eyes  on  those  martyrs  yonder." 

"Those  martyrs"  were  going  forth  to  the  Eng- 
C    143   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

land  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  the  expe6lation  of  a  cruel 
death  for  high  treason,  and  everyone  of  them  gloried 
in  it. 

It  was  with  a  feeling  akin  to  that  which  was  in  San 
Filippo's  mind  and  heart  that  I  looked  into  the  faces 
of  many  who  went  forth  from  their  graduation  here 
in  my  day,  fifty  years  ago, — at  the  Commencement 
of  1 862.  They  went  forth  into  the  Civil  War  to  fight 
for  their  country, — many  of  them  to  lay  down  their 
lives  for  it.  There  were  among  them  some  of  the 
noblest  and  most  gifted  youth  I  have  ever  known, 
and  I  recall  here  especially  the  names  of  Frederick 
Arn  and  Albert  Nye,  names  which  the  University  of 
Michigan  should  not  willingly  let  die.  They  certainly 
ought  to  be  inscribed  in  yonder  beautiful  Memorial 
Building,  not,  indeed,  so  much  for  their  own  glory  as 
for  the  glory  of  the  University.  For  they  were  in  the 
truest  sense  martyrs, — martyrs  to  liberty  and  to  the 
perpetuity  of  their  country. 

But  of  those  who  are  graduated  in  these  days  few, 
if  any,  I  trust,  go  forth  to  become  martyrs.  My  hope 
is  that  they  go  forth  to  become  heroes, — heroes  and 
vi6tors  in  the  steady  warfare  against  unreason  which 
must  be  waged  in  our  country  at  all  times;  against 
unreasoning  conservatism  and  unreasoning  radical- 
ism, and  in  favor  of  measures  constru6tive  rather  than 
destru6live, — evolution  rather  than  revolution. 

I  would  speak  to  those  going  forth  now  and  here 
in  this  wise:  "Those  predecessors  of  yours  in  the  Civil 
War  period  went  forth  to  die  for  their  country.  You 
graduates  of  these  days  should  go  forth  to  live  for 
your  country , determined  to  fight  all  those  who  at  the 
[  144  ] 


THE  COMMENCEMENT  DINNER 

call  of  self-interest,  or  notoriety,  or  the  lust  of  power, 
or  the  claims  of  fa6lion,  are  really  enemies  of  our 
country." 

There  stands  yonder  on  your  University  grounds  a 
monument  to  one  of  the  pupils  of  Thomas  Arnold  of 
Rugby,  that  renowned  thinker  and  teacher,  who,  at 
Rugby  school,  prepared  many  of  his  scholars  to  take 
their  places  among  the  greatest  statesmen  and  lead- 
ers of  thought  in  Great  Britain.  I  remember  that  when 
I  first  came  upon  this  campus — the  youngest  mem- 
ber of  the  Faculty — this  monument  was  an  inspira- 
tion to  me.  It  glorified  this  institution  to  me,  and  it 
gave  me  new  hopes  and  new  faith  that  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  had  a  great  destiny  and  would  be  a 
centre  from  which  would  radiate  powerful  influences 
for  the  enrichment,  the  enlightenment,  and  the  en- 
noblement of  this  country  and  of  mankind. 

You  young  men  and  women  of  to-day  go  forth  into 
a  struggle  as  real  and  as  vital  as  that  of  the  Civil  War. 
May  you  prove  to  be  as  patriotic,  as  valiant,  and  as 
self-sacrificing  as  your  predecessors  of  that  glorious 
period. 

As  I  have  looked  into  your  faces  to-day  there  has 
come  over  me,  as  on  various  similar  occasions  before, 
a  feeling  of  wonder  and  of  awe.  For  you  are  to  see 
things  which  we  older  men  dream  of,  but  shall  never 
see.  You  are  to  know  the  outcome,  for  good  or  evil, 
of  ideas,  experiments,  struggles,  tendencies,  which 
we  shall  never  know.  You  are  to  acclaim  great  men 
whose  names  we  shall  never  hear.  We,  about  to  pass 
into  silence,  salute  you.  May  you  be  worthy  of  your 
Alma  Mater  and  of  your  country. 
C   145   ] 


UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES 

PARTICIPATING   IN  THE  CELEBRATION 
AND  THEIR  OFFICIAL  DELEGATES 


UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES 

PARTICIPATING   IN  THE  CELEBRATION 
AND  THEIR  OFFICIAL  DELEGATES 

Harvard  University:  Melville  Madison  Bigelow,  ph.d.,  ll.d. 

University  of  Pennsylvania:  Josiah  Harmar  Penniman,  ph.d., 
LL.D.,  Five- Provost 

Princeton  University:  Professor  Duane  Reed  Stuart,  ph.d. 

Columbia  University:  Professor  Calvin  Thomas,  a.m.,  ll.d. 

Rutgers  College:  Howard  Elting,  b.sc. 

Dartmouth  College:  Professor  Frank  Haigh  Dixon,  ph.d. 

Dickinson  College:  Merrill  James  Holdeman,  ph.b. 

University  of  Pittsburgh  :  Chancellor  Samuel  Black  McCormick, 

D.D.,  LL.D. 

University  of  Vermont:  Professor  Marbur}^  Bladen  Ogle,  ph.d. 

Williams  College:  Reverend  Henry  Tatlock,  d.d. 

Miami  University:  Professor  Elmer  Ellsworth  Powell,  ph.d. 

Colgate  University:  Professor  Robert  Webber  Moore,  ph.b. 

University  of  Virginia:  Professor  Albeit  Henr\'  Tuttle,  a.b.,  m.sc. 

Indiana  University:  Professor  Charles  McGuffey  Hepburn,  a.b., 
ll.b.,  ll.d. 

HoBART  College:  Dean  William  Pitt  Durfee,  ph.d. 

Kenyon  College:  Professor  Jacob  Streibert,  ph.d. 

Western  Reserve  University:  Professor  Benjamin  Parsons  Bour- 
land,  PH.D. 

University  of  Toronto:   Professor  James  Pla}-fair  McMurrich, 

PH.D. 

New  York  University:  Chancellor  Elmer  Ellsworth  Brown,  ph.d., 

LL.D. 

C    149   H 


I 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Lafayette  College:  President  Ethelbert  Dudley  Warfield,  ll.d. 

Haverford  College:  Professor  Joseph  Lybrand  Markley,  ph.d,, 
of  the  University  of  Michigan 

Oberlin  College:  Professor  Fred  Eugene  Leonard,  a.m.,  m.d. 

Marietta  College:  Reverend  Arthur  Granville  Beach,  a.b.,  b.d. 

Mount  Holyoke  College:    Professor    Ellen   Clarinda   Hinsdale, 

PH.D. 

Knox  College:  President  Thomas  McClelland,  d.d. 

De  Pauw  University  :  Assistant  Professor  Warren  Washburn  Flo- 
rer,  vh.d.,  of  the  University  of  Michigan 

University  of  Missouri:  President  Albert  Ross  Hill,  ll.d.,  Pro- 
fessor Earle  Raymond  Hedrick,  ph.d.,  Guy  Lincoln  Noyes,  m.d., 
Superintendent  of  the  University  Hospital 

Queen's  University:  Dean  William  Stewart  Ellis,  a.b.,  b.sc. 

University  of  Notre  Dame:  President  John  William  Cavanaugh, 

C.S.C,   D.D. 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University:  Professor  Richard  Taylor  Stevenson, 

PH.D.,  D.D. 

Beloit  College:  President  Edward  Dwight  Eaton,  d.d. 

Grinnell  College:  Professor  Henry  Carter  Adams,  ph.d.,  ll.d., 
of  the  University  of  Michigan 

Earlham  College:  Professor  Arthur  Matthew  Charles,  b.s.,  a.m. 

University  of  Iowa:  Professor  Albert  Moore  Barrett,  m.d.,  of  the 
University  of  Michigan 

University  of  Wisconsin  :  Professor  George  Carj^  Comstock,  ll.b., 

LL.D.,  SC.D. 

University  of  Rochester:  Professor  Henn'  Fairfield  Burton,  a.m., 

LL.D. 

Butler  College:  President  Thomas  Carr  Howe,  ph.d. 
Northwestern  University:  Professor  James  Alton  James,  ph.d. 

C  150  ] 


! 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Tufts  College:  Dean  Lee  Sullivan  McCollester,  d.d. 

Michigan  State  Normal  College:  Professor  Benjamin  Leonard 
D'Ooge,  PH.D. 

Hillsdale  College:  President  Joseph  William  Mauck,  a.m.,  ll.d. 

Kalajviazoo  College:  Professor  Ernest  Alanson  Balch,  ph.d. 

Michigan  Agricultural  College:  President  Jonathan  Le  Moyne 
Snyder,  ph.d.,  ll.d. 

University   of   California:    Professor  Annin    Otto    Leuschner, 

PH.D.,  SC.D. 

Albion   College:  Professor  Delos  Fall,  sc.d.,  ll.d. 

Massachusetts   Institute   of   Technology:   Professor   George 
Washington  Patterson,  PH.D.,  of  the  University  of  Michigan 

Vassar  College:  Miss  Winnifred  Josephine  Robinson,  b.pd.,  b.s., 

A.M. 

University  of  Washington:  Professor  Frank  Marion  Morrison, 

A.B. 

University  of  Maine:   Professor  Le  Roy  Han-is  Harv^ey,  b.s., 
PH.D.,  of  the  Western  State  Normal  School 

Washburn  College:  Professor  Willoughby  Deuel  Boughton,  a.b. 

Lehigh  University:  President  Henr}'  Sturgis  Drinker,  e.m.,  ll.d. 

University  of  Kansas:  Dean  Lucius  Elmer  SajTe,  B.s.,  ph.m. 

University  of  Wooster:  Dean  Elias  Compton,  ph.d. 

West  Virginia  University:  President  Thomas  Edward  Hodges, 

D.SC,  LL.D. 

Cornell  University  :  Professor  Jeremiah  WTiippleJenks,  ph.d., ll.d. 

University  of  Minnesota:  President  George  Edgar  Vincent,  ph.d., 
ll.d. 

University  of  Nebraska:  Professor  Olenus  Lee  Sponsler,  a.b. 

Purdue  University:  Professor  Thomas  Francis  Moran,  ph.d. 

c  151  : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

SwARTHMORE  CoLLEGE:  Profcssor  Walter  Dennison,  ph.d. 

Ohio  State  University:  President  William  Oxley  Thompson, 
D.D,,  LL.D.,  Dean  Joseph  Villiers  Denney,  a.m.,  Professor  George 
WeUs  Knight,  ph.d. 

Vanderbilt  University:  Professor  Campbell  Bonner,  ph.d.,  is/' ?Ae 
University  of  3Iichigan 

Wellesley  College:  Professor  Angie  Clara  Chapin,  m.a. 

Johns  Hopkins  University:  Ralph  Van  Deman  Magoffin,  ph.d., 
Associate 

Lake  Forest  University:  Professor  Frederick  Wiley  Stevens, b.s. 

Radcliffe  College:  Miss  Marj^  Louisa  Hinsdale,  a.m. 

Rose  Polytechnic  Institute:  Professor  Frank  Casper  W^agner, 
A.M.,  b.s. 

University  of  North  Dakota:  David  Lewis  Dunlap,  b.s.,  m.d., 

Director  of  Athletics 

University  of  Texas:  Frank  Burr  Marsh,  ph.d. 

Michigan  College  of  Mines:  President  Fred  Walter  McNair,  b.s., 
d.sc. 

University  of  Wyoming:  Professor  Arthur  Emmons  BeUis,  a.b., 

M.S. 

Alma  College:  Professor  John  Thomas  Ewing,  a.m.  Hj 

University  of  Nevada  :  Professor  James  Edward  Church,  Jr.,  ph.d. 

The  Catholic  University  of  America  :  Right  Reverend  Edward 
Dennis  Kelly,  d.d.,  Auxiliary  Bishop  of  Detroit 

Leland  Stanford  Junior  University  :  Professor  Ephraim  Doug- 
lass Adams,  ph.d. 

College  of  the  Pacific:  Nathan  William  MacChesney,  a.b.,  ll.b. 

University  of  Chicago:  Dean  James  Rowland  Angell,  a.m., Pro- 
fessor Andrew  Cunningham  McLaughlin,  a.m.,  ll.b. 

University  of  Montana:  Miss  Mary  Stewart,  Dean  of  JVotnen 
C    152    ] 


LIST  OF  DELEGATES 

Western  State  Normal  School:  Professor  William  McCracken, 

PH.D. 

University  of  Florida:  Professor  Edmund  Charles  Dickinson, j.d., 
Professor  Herbert  Govert  Keppel,  ph.d. 

Northern  State  Normal  School:  President  James  Hamilton  Kaye, 


[    1.53   ] 


ii 


PROGRAMME  OF  THE  WEEK 


«»i 


PROGRAMME  OF  THE  WEEK 

INCLUDING  SOME  UNOFFICIAL  EVENTS  OF  INTEREST 


SUNDAY,  JUNE  TWENTY-THIRD 

8  P.M.  Baccalaureate  Exercises  in  University  Hall. 

Prelude:  Orgel  Hymne  Piutti 

Anthem:  The  Strain  Upraise  Stanley 

Reading  of  Scripture  and  Prayer 
Solo :  The  Lord  is  my  Shepherd  Liddell 

MR.  WILUAJNI  ROWLAND 

Baccalaureate  Address,  by  the  Right  Re\erend  Charles 
Sumner  Burch,  d.d..  Suffragan  Bishop  of  New  York 
Doxology 
Benedi6lion 
Postlude:  Hallelujah  Chonis  Handel 

MONDAY,  JUNE  TWENTY-FOURTH 

2.30  P.M.  Class  Day  Exercises  of  the  Department  of  Law 
in  University  Hall. 

4  P.M.  Baseball  Game.  Pennsylvania  versus  Michigan  at 
Ferry  Field. 

8  P.M.  The  Alcestis  of  Euripides  presented  in  English  by 
the  WoMEX  OF  THE  Senior  Class  in  front  of  Alumni  Me- 
morial Hall,  with  music  by  Professor  Albert  Augustus 
Stanley. 

TUESDAY,  JUNE  TWENTY-FIFTH 

10  A.M.  Class  Day  Exercises  of  the  Department  of  Litera- 
ture, Science,  and  the  Arts  at  the  Band  Stand. 
Class  Day  Exercises  of  the  Department  of  Engineering 
in  the  Engineering  Court. 

C   157  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

2.30  P.M.  Undergraduate  Celebration.  Procession  of  Stu- 
dent Campus  Organizations  in  Costume. 

3.30  P.M.  Entertainment  tendered  by  the  Undergraduates, 
under  the  Management  of  the  Michigan  Union,  in  the 
Pavilion. 

7  P.M.  Open-air  Concert  by  the  University  Musical  Clubs 
in  the  Band  Stand. 

8.30  P.M.  Senior  Reception  and  Ball  in  the  Gymnasiums. 
Smoker  in  Honor  of  Delegates  from  other  Institutions, 
tendered  by  the  University  Club,  at  their  Quarters  in 
Alumni  Memorial  Hall. 


WEDNESDAY,  JUNE  TWENTY-SIXTH 
COMMEMORATION  DAY 

8.15  a.m.  Ceremony  of  Hoisting  the  Flag. 

9  A.M.  Academic  Procession. 

10  A.M.  Commemoration  Exercises,  in  Honor  of  the  Sev- 
enty-fifth Anniversary  of  the  Founding  of  the  Univer- 
sity, in  the  Pavilion. 

Overture:  Oberon  von  Weber 

Prayer,  by  the  Right  Reverend  Charles  Sumner  Burch, 

D.D.,  Suffragan  Bishop  of  New  York 
The  Commemoration  Address,  by  the  Honorable  Lav/- 

RENCE  Maxwell,  ll.d. 
Congratulatory^  Addresses: 

Representing  Endowed  Universities:  Chancellor  Elmer 

Ellsworth  Brown,  ll.d..  New  York  University 
Representing  Michigan  State  Colleges:  President  Joseph 

William  Mauck,  ll.d.,  Hillsdale  College 
Representing  State  Universities:  President  William  Ox- 
ley  Thompson,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  Ohio  State  Universit>^ 
Music:  Pilgrims'  Chonis  Wagner 

•     [    158   ] 


_^ 


PROGRAMME  OF  THE  WEEK 

Benedidion,  by  the  Reverend  Arthur  William  Stalker,  d.d. 
March:  The  Ftdors  Elbel 

1  P.M.  Alumni  Luncheon  in  Barbour  Gymnasium. 

President's  Luncheon  in  Honor  of  the  Official  Dele- 
gates, in  the  University  Library. 

2.30  P.M.  Meeting  of  the  University  Alumni  Association  in 
Alumni  Memorial  Hall. 

3.30  P.M.  Procession  of  Alumni  and  Undergraduates  to 
Ferry  Field. 

4  P.M.  Baseball  Game.  Pennsylvania  versus  Michigan  at 
Ferry  Field. 

6  P.M.  Class  Dinners. 

8  P.M.  Illumination  of  the  Campus. 

Senior  Promenade. 

Open-air  Concert  by  the  Band  of  the  26th  Infantry, 
U.S.A. 

9  P.M.  Senate  Reception  in  Alumni  Memorial  Hall. 

THURSDAY,  JUNE  TWENTY-SEVENTH 
COMMENCEMENT  DAY 

8.15  A.M.  Ceremony  of  Hoisting  the  Flag. 

9  A.M.  Academic  Procession. 

10  A.M.  Commencement  Exercises  in  the  Pavilion. 

Prayer,  by  the  Right  Reverend  Edward  Dennis  Kelly, 
D.D.,  Auxiliary  Bishop  of  Detroit 

The    Commencement    Address,   by    Professor   Jereiviiah 
Whipple  Jenks,  ll.d. 

Conferring  of  Degrees 
Music:  The  University  Glee  Club 
Benedidion,  by  the  Reverend  Henry  Tatlock,  D.D. 
1  P.M.  Commencement  Dinner  in  Waterman  Gymnasium. 
C    ^59  ] 


HONORARY  DEGREES 


HONORARY  DEGREES 

VOTED  BY  THE  BOARD  OF  REGENTS,  APRIL  25  AND  MAY  24,  AND 
CONFERRED  AT  COMMENCEMENT,  JUNE  27,  1912 

BY  vote  of  the  Senate  Council  and  the  Board  of  Regents, 
the  honorary  degrees  conferred  this  year  were  confined 
to  graduates  of  the  University  and  former  members  of  the 
University  Senate. 

I 

THE  DEGREE  OF  BACHELOR  OF  LAWS 

as  of  designated  classes 

Harry  Eldridge  King 

A  member  of  the  Ohio  Bar,  as  of  the  class  of  1883. 

Harry  Compton  Davis 

A  member  of  the  Michigan  Bar,  as  of  the  class  of  1877. 

The  Honorable  Clement  McDonald  Smith 

Judge  of  the  Fifth  Judicial  Circuit  of  Michigan,  as  of  the  class  of 
1867. 

II 

THE  DEGREE  OF  BACHELOR  OF  ARTS 

as  of  designated  classes 

Lincoln  MacMillan 

Financial  Editor  of  the  Chicago  Record- Herald,  as  of  the  class  of 
1890. 

Frederick  Hampden  Bacon 

A  member  of  the  Missouri  Bar,  as  of  the  class  of  1871. 


I 

I  III 


THE  DEGREE  OF  MASTER  OF  ARTS 

Doctor  James  Craven  Wood 

Surgeon  and  author,  and  formerly  a  member  of  the  Facultv^  of  the 
Homoeopathic  Medical  College  of  the  Universit}'  of  Michigan. 

C    163   ] 


r 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Eugene  Clarence  Warriner 

Of  the  class  of  1891,  a  man  of  recognized  force  and  effediveness 
in  the  field  of  secondary  education. 

James  Hamilton  Kaye 

Of  the  class  of  1892,  the  efficient  President  of  the  Northern  Michi- 
gan State  Normal  School. 

Doctor  Herman  Prinz 

Of  the  class  of  1896,  College  of  Dental  Surgery,  distinguished  as 
dental  scientist  and  author. 

Doctor  Otto  Landman 

Of  the  class  of  1884,  Department  of  Literature,  Science,  and  the 
Arts,  and  of  the  class  of  1887,  Department  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery, known  for  his  contributions  to  the  science  of  ophthalmology. 

Doctor  Harold  Gifford 

Of  the  class  of  1882,  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Pro- 
fessor of  Ophthalmology  in  the  University  of  Nebraska,  and  an 
original  worker  in  the  field  of  his  specialty. 

Clarence  Ashley  Lightner 

Of  the  class  of  1883,  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Law  Exam- 
iners, who  has  rendered  valuable  service  in  the  way  of  raising  the 
standards  of  legal  education. 

David  Emil  Heineman 

Of  the  class  of  1887,  a  public-spirited  citizen  and  loyal  alumnus,  who 
has  done  much  to  advance  the  interests  of  his  Alma  Mater. 

Robert  Patterson  Lamont 

Of  the  class  of  1891,  Department  of  Engineering,  who  has  achieved 
marked  success  as  an  engineer  and  later  as  a  leader  in  great  com- 
mercial enterprises. 

Mrs.  Madelon  Stockwell  Turner 

Of  the  class  of  1872,  the  first  woman  to  enter  the  University  of 
Michigan,  who  by  her  poise  and  dignity  and  scholarship  con- 
quered at  once  what  by  many  were  thought  to  be  insurmountable 
obstacles. 

Professor  Joseph  Baker  Davis 

Of  the  class  of  1868,  in  service  for  forty  years  in  the  Faculty  of 


< 


[    164   ]  I 


I 


HONORARY  DEGREES 

the  University  of  Michigan,  honored  and  loved  by  all  who  sat 
under  him. 

IV 
THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  SCIENCE 

Edward  Allen  Fay 

Of  the  class  of  1862,  educator,  editor,  one  of  the  foremost  Dante 
scholars  in  this  country,  and  historian  of  American  schools  for  the 
deaf. 

Doctor  John  Elmer  Weeks 

Of  the  class  of  1881,  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
now  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  in  the  Universit}^*  and  Bellevnae 
Hospital  Medical  College,  joint  discoverer  of  the  Koch- Weeks 
bacillus. 

Doctor  John  Jacob  Abel 

Of  the  class  of  1883,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  of  this  Univer- 
sity from  1891  to  1893,  now  Professor  of  Phannacology  in  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  distinguished  for  his  researches  and  original 
contributions. 

Doctor  Henry  Sew  all 

Professor  of  Physiology  in  this  University  from  1882  to  1889,  now 
Professor  of  Physiology  in  the  Universit}^  of  Colorado,  whose  re- 
search on  immunization  to  the  venom  of  the  rattlesnake,  done  while 
a  Professor  in  this  University,  laid  the  foundation  for  the  discov- 
ery of  diphtheria  antitoxin. 

Bryant  Walker 

Of  the  class  of  1876,  a  man  who,  though  a  busy  lawyer,  has  found 
the  time  to  make  himself  well  and  favorably  known  for  his  pub- 
lished work  on  molluscs,  a  world  authority  on  the  group. 

Charles  Francis  Brush 

Of  the  class  of  1869,  Department  of  Engineering,  the  earliest  pio- 
neer in  the  field  of  eledric  lighting,  inventor  of  modem  arc  ele<5h-ic 
lighting,  honored  many  times  at  home  and  abroad  for  his  scientific 
achievements. 

C    '65  3 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

V 
THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  ENGINEERING 

George  Henry  Benzenberg 

Of  the  class  of  1867,  Department  of  Engineering,  Past  President  of 
the  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  a  noted  authorit)-  on  the 
constru6lion  of  water  works,  distinguished  civil  engineer  and  citizen. 

Cornelius  Donovan 

Of  the  class  of  1872,  Department  of  Engineering,  a  profound  stu- 
dent of  river  hydraulics,  a  faithful  servant  of  the  United  States 
Government  for  thirty-eight  years,  and  distinguished  as  the  builder 
of  the  great  jetties  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

VI 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  LAWS 

Doctor  William  Henry  Howell 

Of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Professor  of  Histology  and  Physi- 
ology in  the  University  of  Michigan  from  1890  to  1892,  distin- 
guished teacher  and  investigator,  a  physiologist  of  the  first  rank. 

Right  Reverend  Charles  Sumner  Burch 

Of  the  class  of  1875,  Suffragan  Bishop  of  New  York,  a  man  of 
liberal  culture,  wide  experience,  and  broad  s\Tnpathies,  whose  effec- 
tiveness as  preacher,  organizer,  and  administrator  has  received  fre- 
quent and  conspicuous  recognition. 

Professor  Andrew  Cunningham  McLaughlin 

Of  the  class  of  1882,  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  historical 
staff  of  his  Alma  Mater,  now  Professor  and  Head  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  History  in  the  University  of  Chicago,  a  distinguished 
teacher,  whose  published  contributions  have  placed  him  in  the  front 
rank  of  American  historical  scholars. 

Doctor  James  Playfair  McMurrich  Mj 

For  thirteen  years  Professor  or  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Michigan,  now  Professor  of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Toronto,  distinguished  as  a  teacher  and  for  learned  contributions 
to  the  sciences  of  Biology  and  Anatomy. 

C    1^^    ] 


HONORARY  DEGREES 

Professor  Floyd  Russell  Mechem 

For  ten  yeai-s  Tappan  Professor  of  Law  in  the  University  of  Mich- 
igan, now  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  Law  of  the  University-  of 
Chicago,  a  teacher  of  great  originality  and  power  and  a  productive 
legal  scholar,  whose  published  works  have  received  general  and 
merited  recognition. 

Henry  Smith  Carhart 

For  over  twenty  years  Professor  of  Physics  in  the  University  of 
Michigan,  now  a  worthy  recipient  of  the  honors  of  the  Carnegie 
Foundation,  distinguished  as  scholar  and  author  and  for  his  ser- 
vice in  the  cause  of  international  eledrical  units  and  standards  of 
measurement. 

Melville  Madison  Bigelow 

A  graduate  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  the  class  of  1866,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  teacher  of  law  and  for  his  researches  and  published 
work,  particularly  in  the  fields  of  jurisprudence  and  legal  history. 

Robert  Simpson  Woodward 

A  graduate  of  the  Universit)^  of  Michigan  in  the  class  of  1872,  since 
1905  the  President  of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington, 
engineer,  astronomer,  geographer,  physicist,  a  renowned  investi- 
gator of  problems  in  the  solution  of  which  the  whole  world  is  in- 
terested. 

Doctor  James  Burrill  Angell 

Scholar,  journalist,  diplomatist,  orator,  universit)^  president,  a  man 
whom  we  all  lo\'e  and  honor,  whose  distinguished  services  to  State 
and  Nation,  and  particularly  to  this  University-  dui'ing  the  many 
years  when  he  so  wisely  shaped  its  policy  and  guarded  its  interests, 
call  for  the  highest  recognition  that  can  be  accorded. 


c  167 : 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

AT  a  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Regents  on  Septem- 
J~\,  ber  28, 1911,  Regent  Bulkley,  having  called 
attention  to  the  fa6l  that  the  year  1912  would  mark 
the  seventy-fifth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the 
University,  secured  the  adoption  of  the  following 
resolution : 

fV/iereas,  The  year  1912  is  the  seventy-fifth  anniversary 
of  the  foundation  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  therefore, 
be  it 

Resolved:  That  the  President  of  the  University  be  requested 
to  ask  the  University  Senate,  the  Alumni  Association,  and 
the  Michigan  Union  to  cooperate  with  the  Regents  in  devel- 
oping plans  for  a  proper  celebration  of  the  Diamond  Jubilee 
of  the  University. 

On  06lober  23,1911,  the  University  Senate  accepted 
the  invitation  of  the  Board  of  Regents  to  cooperate  in 
the  celebration,  and  authorized  President  Hutchins  to 
appoint  a  committee  of  seven  to  take  the  matter  under 
consideration  and  also  to  confer  with  the  Regents. 
The  Senate  suggested  that  the  celebration  be  held 
not  earher  than  Commencement  week  of  1912,  and, 
if  possible,  in  conne6lion  with  the  opening  of  the  Hill 
Auditorium.  Three  days  later  the  Board  authorized 
the  appointment  of  two  Regents  to  constitute  a  com- 
mittee of  conference,  and  the  President  subsequently 
named  Regents  Bulkley  and  Beal  to  serve  as  such 
a  committee. 

The  committee  appointed  to  prepare  plans  for  the 
celebration  reported  to  the  Board  of  Regents  on  Jan- 
uary 26, 1912,  as  follows: 

C   171   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

To  the  Honorable  Board  of  Regents :  The  committee  author- 
ized by  your  Board  to  cooperate  with  the  Regents  in  devel- 
oping plans  for  a  proper  celebration  of  the  Seventy-fifth 
Anniversary  of  the  University,  met  January  5,  1912,  with 
the  following  members  present:  President  Hutchins,  Re- 
gent Beal,  Regent  Bulkley,  Dean  Reed,  Dean  Cooley,  Dr. 
Vaughan,  Dean  Bates,  Dr.  Hoff,  Dr.  Hinsdale  ;  also  Judge 
Lane,  and  Mr.  Shaw,  representing  the  Alumni  Association, 
and  Professor  Bursley  and  Mr.  Wells,  representing  the 
Union.  This  committee  appointed  a  sub-committee  of  five, 
consisting  of  the  President,  Regent  Beal,  Dean  Vaughan, 
Dean  Cooley,  and  Secretary  Smith,  to  prepare  and  present 
a  tentative  plan  for  the  celebration.  This  sub-committee  met 
Saturday,  January  6,  and  prepared  a  report  which  was  pre- 
sented to  the  general  committee  at  its  next  meeting,  January 
10,  when  it  was  adopted  with  certain  modifications. 

The  committee  begs  leave  to  present  herewith  to  your 
honorable  body  this  plan  as  finally  approved  by  the  general 
committee. 

The  recommendations  of  the  committee  are  as  follows : 

(a)  It  is  the  sense  of  this  committee  that  the  celebration 
of  the  seventy-fifth  anniversary  of  the  University  of  Mich- 
igan be  confined  to  Commencement  week,  June  23  to  27, 
1912,  inclusive. 

{b)  That  there  be  three  principal  addresses, — one  on 
Sunday  of  Commencement  week  in  place  of  the  Baccalau- 
reate sermon,  one  on  Wednesday,  and  one  on  Commence- 
ment day,  the  last  being  the  Commencement  oration  ;  that 
the  question  of  speakers  be  left  to  the  committee  on  invita- 
tions with  power. 

{c)  That  invitations  be  sent  in  accordance  with  the  fol- 
lowing resolution  : 

Resolved:  That  an  invitation  to  send  an  official  delegate 
be  extended  to  all  state  universities  of  this  country  and  all 

C   172   ] 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

other  universities  and  colleges  of  the  first  rank  (in  accord- 
ance with  A  Classification  of  Universities  and  Colleges  as 
issued  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education  in  1911), 
in  the  Western  Hemisphere  and  United  States  '  possessions, 
and  to  all  colleges  in  the  State  of  Michigan. 

{d)  That  all  Class  Day  exercises  during  Commencement 
week  be  confined  to  Monday  and  Tuesday,  and  that  Wednes- 
day, June  26,  be  designated  as  Commemoration  Day.  The 
following  programme  for  the  day  is  recommended: 

1.  Procession  on  the  Campus,  starting  at  9  o'clock  a.m., 
and  exercises  in  University  Hall  to  be  completed  in  time  for 
luncheon. 

2.  A  special  reception  and  luncheon,  provided  for  by  the 
following  resolutions : 

Resolved:  That  a  special  luncheon,  to  be  called  the  Presi- 
dent's Reception  and  Luncheon,  be  provided  on  Wednes- 
day of  Commemoration  Day. 

Resolved:  That  for  this  reception  and  luncheon  the  com- 
mittee extend  invitations  to  the  official  delegates,  the  spe- 
cially invited  guests,  the  Governor  of  the  State,  the  Presi- 
dent, the  Regents,  the  Deans,  and  the  ladiesof  their  families. 

Resolved:  That  the  delegates  be  received  at  the  Presi- 
dent's Reception  and  Luncheon  by  the  Governor,  the  Re- 
gents, the  President,  and  the  Administrative  Officers  of  the 
University. 

3.  Alumni  meeting  in  the  early  afternoon. 

4.  The  latter  part  of  the  afternoon  to  be  devoted  to  re- 
unions, a  ball  game,  automobile  trips,  and  the  like. 

5.  Class  dinners  from  6  to  8  o'clock. 

6.  From  8  to  9  o'clock  illumination  of  the  campus,  and 
an  open-air  concert,  the  Glee  Club  also  to  furnish  music,  if 
desired.  In  case  of  inclement  weather  the  illumination  to  be 
omitted  in  part  and  the  concert  to  be  given  in  University  Hall. 

7.  From  9  to  11  o'clock  Senate  Reception  in  Memorial 
Hall. 

C   173   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

{e)  That  visiting  delegates,  Regents,  and  members  of  the 
University  Senate  be  requested  to  wear  academic  dress  at 
the  morning  exercises  of  Commemoration  Day  and  Com- 
mencement day,  —  this  request  not  to  extend  to  alumni  or 
other  invited  guests. 

( y )  That  Dean  M  .E.  Cooley  be  invited  to  act  as  Marshal 
of  the  Day,  both  for  the  Commemoration  and  the  Commence- 
ment processions. 

{g)  That  sub-committees  be  appointed  as  follows: 

1.  An  Executive  Committee,  with  Professor  J.  R.  Effin- 
ger  as  Chairman,  to  act  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Uni- 
versity and  with  Professor  E.  D.  Jones,  Professor  A.  H. 
White,  and  Professor  C.  J.  Tilden. 

2.  A  Committee  on  Invitations,  of  which  President 
Emeritus  Angell  is  Chairman,  with  the  President  of  the 
University  and  the  Dean  of  each  Department  as  the  other 
members.  The  matter  of  congratulatory  addresses  to  be  left 
to  this  committee  with  power,  and  also  authority  to  invite 
special  guests. 

3.  A  Committee  of  five  on  Decoration,  with  Professor 
C.  S.  Denison  as  Chairman,  and  Professor  Emil  Lorch, 
Professor  H.  R.  Cross,  Mr.  W.  C.  Titcomb,  and  Mr.  F.  R. 
Finch,  as  the  other  members. 

4.  A  Committee  on  Music,  with  Professor  A.  A.  Stanley 
as  Chairman,  and  Professor  E.  A.  Boucke  and  Professor 
A.  L.  Cross  as  the  other  members. 

5.  A  Committee  on  Hospitality,  with  Professor  W.  P. 
Lombard  as  Chairman,  and  Professor  H.  P.  Thieme,  Pro- 
fessor G.  W .  Patterson,  Professor  F .  G.  Novy,  and  Professor 
Evans  Holbrook  as  the  other  members.^ 

6.  A  Committee  on  Registration  and  Badges,  with  Mr. 
W.  B.  Shaw  as  Chairman,  and  Professor  H.  S.  Smalley, 

^  This  committee  was  later  supplemented  by  a  committee  of  the  Ann  Arbor 
Board  of  Commerce  constituted  as  follows :  Mr.  H.  W.  Douglas,  Chairman, 
and  Messrs.  M.  J.  Cavanaugh,  J.  J.  Goodyear,  E.  F.  Mills,  G.  W.  Sample, 
and  C.  W.  Wagner. 

[    174  ]  I 


_a»L 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

Professor  J.  A.  Bursley,  Professor  W.  G.  Stoner,  and  Dr. 
Mark  Marshall  as  the  other  members. 

7.  A  Committee  on  Dinner  and  Luncheon,  with  Profes- 
sor S.  L.  Bigelow^  as  Chairman,  and  Professor  H.  C.  Sad- 
ler and  Professor  W.  J.  Hale  as  the  other  members. 

8.  A  Committee  on  Publicity,  with  Regent  Beal  as  Chair- 
man, and  Professor  J.  R.  Brumm,  Dr.  H.  C.  Thurnau, 
Mr.  J.  R.  Nelson,  and  Mr.  W.  B.  Shaw  as  the  other  mem- 
bers. 

9.  A  Committee  on  Railroads  and  Transportation,  with 
Professor  H.  C.  Adams  as  Chairman,  and  Judge  V.  H. 
Lane,  Professor  J.  S.  Reeves,  Professor  E.  D.  Jones,  and 
Mr.W.  H.  Hamilton  as  the  other  members. 

10.  A  Committee  on  Programme  and  Exercises,  of  which 
the  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  is  Chairman, 
with  the  chairmen  of  the  various  committees  as  the  other 
members  of  the  committee. 

IL  A  Committee  on  a  Commemoration  Volume,  with 
Professor  F.  N.  Scott  as  Chairman,  and  Professor  L.  A. 
Strauss  and  Professor  T.  E.  Rankin  as  the  other  members. 

12.  A  Committee  on  Student  Participation,  with  Pro- 
fessor J.  A.  Bursley  as  Chairman,  and  Professor  Evans 
Holbrook,  Captain  Inman  Sealby,  Matthew  P.  Blish,  and 
Lawrence  Abrams  as  the  other  members. 

(h)  That  the  Directors  of  the  Michigan  Union  be  re- 
quested to  take  charge  of  the  work  of  ascertaining  what 
accommodations  can  be  provided  for  the  alumni  and  other 
visitors,  returning  for  the  celebration,  and  to  publish  lists  of 
the  same  for  the  use  of  the  guests  and  returning  alumni. 

(?)  That  the  offer  of  the  Michigan  Union  to  provide  an 
entertainment  on  the  campus  on  the  afternoon  of  Tuesday, 
June  25,  be  accepted,  provided  that  the  afternoon  is  free 
from  conflicting  engagements. 

*  Professor  Bigelow  afterwards  resigned,  and  Professor  G.  W.  Patterson  was 
appointed  in  his  place. 

C    >75   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

On  motion  of  Regent  Sawyer,  the  report  was  adopted 
with  the  exception  of  the  clause  relating  to  academic 
dress,  which  was  referred  to  the  University  Senate/ 
On  motion  of  Regent  Grant  the  Board  on  Feb- 
ruary 29,  1912,  adopted  the  following  resolution  in 
accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  the  general 
committee : 

Whereas^  In  order  that  the  plans  for  the  celebration  of  the 
seventy-fifth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  University 
may  be  carried  out  harmoniously  and  successfully,  it  is  ne- 
cessary that  authority  be  lodged  in  some  body  which  shall 
have  supervision  of  the  work  of  all  the  committees ;  there- 
fore, be  it 

Resolved:  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chairmen  of  the 
various  sub-committees  currently  to  report  their  plans  to 
the  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  for  approval  or 
modification,  and  that  all  matters  involving  expense  shall 
be  passed  upon  in  writing  by  the  Chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Committee. 

It  was  also  decided  that  the  usual  alumni  breakfast 
served  during  the  forenoon  of  Alumni  Day  should, 
for  the  coming  Commencement,  be  changed  to  an 
alumni  luncheon  at  noon,  with  a  more  substantial 
menu  than  usual,  and  that  $300  should  be  added 
to  the  budget  of  the  celebration  for  this  purpose,  with 
the  understanding  that  the  committee  should  have 
the  cooperation  of  the  local  Association  of  Collegiate 
Alumnae  in  the  serving  of  this  luncheon.  The  Board 
approved  the  plan  of  holding  the  President's  Luncheon 
for  the  delegates  and  specially  invited  guests  in  the 
reading-roomof  the  General  Library,  and  adopted  the 

^  The  recommendation  of  the  committee  regarding  academic  dress  was 
adopted  by  the  University  Senate  March  12. 

C    176  ] 


I 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

suggestion  of  renting  a  tent,  with  a  seating  capacity 
of  approximately  5000  people,  in  which  to  hold  the 
exercises  of  Commemoration  Day  and  Commence- 
ment day.  An  appropriation  of  $1000  was  made  to 
provide  the  tent  and  seating  equipment. 

The  report  of  the  general  committee  having  been 
approved  by  the  Board  of  Regents,  the  several  sub- 
committees gave  immediate  attention  to  the  details 
of  the  final  plans.  When  it  is  remembered  that  only 
four  months  remained  for  the  completion  of  their 
work,  and  that  the  members  of  the  committees  were 
burdened  with  the  usual  class-room  and  administra- 
tive duties,  the  thoroughness  with  which  the  work  was 
organized  and  the  precision  with  which  it  was  car- 
ried out  deserve  honorable  mention  in  this  record. 
No  detail  in  the  extensive  arrangements  was  neg- 
Ie6led,  and  the  various  programmes  were  carried  to 
a  successful  conclusion  without  a  single  failure.  It  is 
only  fair  to  add  that  credit  for  no  small  part  of  this 
achievement  should  be  given  to  the  committee  of 
the  Ann  Arbor  Board  of  Commerce,  which  cooper- 
ated actively  and  enthusiastically  with  the  University 
committees. 

Since  the  anniversary  celebration  was  held  in  con- 
jun6lion  with  the  sixty-eighth  commencement,  the 
programme  of  the  week  was  opened  with  the  Bacca- 
laureate address,  which  was  delivered  by  the  Right 
Reverend  Charles  Sumner  Burch,  '75,  Suffragan 
Bishop  of  New  York,  on  Sunday  evening,  June  23. 
At  7.30  p.m.  the  members  of  each  of  the  graduating 
classes  of  the  seven  departments  of  the  University  as- 
sembled at  their  appointed  places  in  various  parts  of 

c  177  :i 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

the  campus.  At 7.45  the  severalclasses  and  candidates 
for  advanced  degrees  formed  a  double  line  num- 
bering 1146  black-robed  figures,  and,  keeping  step 
to  the  processional  played  by  Professor  Stanley  on 
the  great  Columbian  organ,  entered  University  Hall, 
where  they  occupied  the  two  middle  sections  of  seats. 
The  remaining  seats  downstairs  and  those  in  the  gal- 
lery were  filled  long  before  the  crowd  that  sought 
admittance  was  accommodated. 

Seated  on  the  platform  were  the  speaker  of  the  even- 
ing. Bishop  Burch,  President  H.  B.  Hutchins,  Presi- 
dent Emeritus  James  B.  Angell,and  other  University 
officials.  Professor  D'Ooge  opened  the  exercises  by  a 
Scripture  reading  and  prayer.  After  a  solo  by  William 
Rowland,  of  the  Faculty  of  the  School  of  Music,  the 
President  introduced  Bishop  Burch,  who  delivered  a 
thoughtful  address  on  The  Optimism  of  Unrest.  At  the 
conclusion  of  the  address  the  audience  sang  America 
and  was  dismissed  with  the  benedi6lion. 

Early  Monday  morning,  June  24,  the  general  of- 
fices of  the  Alumni  Association  in  Memorial  Hall  were 
thrown  open  for  the  reception  of  University  guests, 
who  began  pouring  into  town  on  the  first  trains.  It  was 
here  that  the  "old  grads"  signed  their  names  in  the 
huge  register,  and  received  class  badge,  souvenir  pins, 
and  campus  hand-books.  All  day  the  registration  con- 
tinued, and  on  into  the  night,  and  all  next  day,  and 
the  next,  until  a  total  was  reached  of  2470. 

Forty-two  classes  held  regular  reunions,  as  fol- 
lows :  The  semi-centennial  reunion  of  the  class  of 
1862;  the  quarter-centennial  of  the  class  of  1887  in 
the  Literary  and  the  Medical  Department;  joint  re- 

C  178  D 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

unions  of  the  classes  of  1873, 1874,  1875, 1876,  and 
1892,  1893, 1894,  1895;  also  of  the  classes  of  1852, 
1857,  1867,  1869,  1872,  1877,  1882,  1897,1902, 
1907  in  the  Literary  and  the  Engineering  Depart- 
ment; reunions  in  the  Medical  Department:  classes 
of  1861, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1877,  1882, 1887, 1892, 
1 894, 1 895, 1 902, 1 907 ;  reunions  in  the  Law  Depart- 
ment: classes  of  1868, 1876, 1877, 1892,1894,1895, 
1897, 1902,  1907;  and  the  Dental  class  of  1902.  It 
was  a  matter  of  much  regret  that  the  sole  surviv- 
ing member  of  the  class  of  1852  was  unable  to  be 
present  to  celebrate  the  sixtieth  anniversary  of  his 
graduation. 

For  the  purpose  of  arousing  a  proper  spirit  among 
their  scattered  memberships,  the  classes  of  1892, 
1 893, 1 894,  and  1 895  joined  forces  in  the  publication 
of  a  class  paper,  which  made  its  first  appearance  about 
two  months  before  the  celebration,  as  the  Reunion 
Barker. 

The  first  two  days  of  the  celebration  belonged 
primarily  to  the  graduating  classes.  At  2.30  Monday 
afternoon  the  Senior  Law  class  held  exercises  in 
University  Hall.  Following  a  seleftion  by  the  orches- 
tra, Roscoe  O.  Bonisteel,  the  class  president,  gave 
the  address  of  welcome.  The  history  of  the  class 
was  read  by  Frank  T.  Hinks,  and  the  class  poem  by 
Philip  H.  Cale.  An  oration,  entitled  The  Pra6lice  of 
Law — A  Business  or  a  Profession.^  was  delivered  by 
Sigmund  W.  David.  After  the  prophecy  by  Sam- 
uel A.  Persky,  the  class  memorial,  a  portrait  of  Pro- 
fessor Edson  R.  Sunderland,  was  presented  by  Lang- 
don  H.  Larwill.  The  speech  of  acceptance  was  made 
[  179  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

by  Dean  Bates,  of  the  Law  Faculty.  Edward  C.  Mid- 
dleton  pronounced  the  valedi6lory,  and  the  exercises 
closed  with  the  singing  of  The  Yellow  and  Blue. 

The  baseball  game  between  Michigan  and  Penn- 
sylvania, played  on  Ferry  Field  later  in  the  after- 
noon, resulted  in  defeat  for  the  home  team,  the  final 
score  being  eleven  to  four.  The  Wednesday  contest 
between  the  same  teams  was  won  by  Michigan,  the 
score  being  two  to  one. 

One  of  the  most  delightful  events  of  Commence- 
ment week  was  the  presentation  of  the  Alcestis  of 
Euripides,  at  eight  o'clock  Monday  evening,  by  the 
girls  of  the  Senior  class.  The  performance  was  staged 
in  the  portico  of  Memorial  Hall,  the  audience  occu- 
pying improvised  seats  on  the  lawn  stretching  down 
to  the  street.  The  imposing  Greek  columns,  flooded 
with  the  light  of  two  calcium  refle6lors  at  the  rear 
of  the  audience, the  mysterious  shadows  lurkingin  the 
background,  the  soft  flowing  draperies  of  the  aftors, 
the  altar  and  the  incense,  and  the  open  sky — all  these 
lent  a  charm  not  incomparable  to  that  of  the  Athens 
of  many  centuries  ago. 

The  cast  of  the  play  was  as  follows : 

Alcestis.  Mary  C.  Bonner,  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico. 
Admetos.  Josephine  S.  Davis,  Traverse  City,  Mich. 
Apollo.  Ethel  E.  Geer,  Ypsilanti,  Mich. 
Thanatos.  L.  Rae  Banfield,  Ann  Arbor. 
Handmaiden.  Louise  E.  Tuthill,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Herakles.  Lois  O.  Gibbons,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Pheres.  Anna  J.  Kolmesh,  Ann  Arbor. 
Pheres'  Boy.  Marjorie  E.  Macdonald,  St.  Cloud,  Minn. 

C   180  ] 


U  L 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

Cup-Bearer.  Gladys  S.  Pearson,  Fremont,  Mich. 
Eumelus.  Lucile  G.  Stowe,  Howell,  Mich. 
Daughter  ofAlcestis.  Alma  M.  Young,  Howell,  Mich. 
Children's  Attendant.  Hazel  K.  Wolcott,  Grand  Rapids, 

Mich. 
Attendants  of  Alcestis.  Grace  M.  Lockton,  Ann  Arbor; 

Charlotte  M.  Prichard,  Ann  Arbor ;  Anna  L.  Stellwa- 

gen,  Ann  Arbor. 
Attendants  of  Pheres.  Emma  J.  Wilson,  Newtown,  Pa.; 

Minnie  F.  Votruba,  Traverse  City,  Mich. 

Special  music  of  a  highly  original  chara6ler  was  com- 
posed for  the  play  by  Professor  A.  A.  Stanley,  who 
thus  describes  its  aims  and  method: 

In  the  music  an  attempt  was  made  to  reconcile  two  seem- 
ingly opposing  points  of  view  involving  a  choice  between 
imitating  the  archaic  musical  system  of  the  Greeks  and 
presenting  the  essential  emotional  characteristics  of  the  an- 
cient music  in  terms  intelligible  to  modern  ears.  The  choice 
falling  on  the  second  method,  for  which  the  fact  that  the 
drama  was  given  in  English  gave  a  certain  justification, 
the  problem  was  simplified  from  one  point  of  view  while 
from  another  the  difficulties  were  increased.  It  was  sohed 
by  basing  the  music  on  the  most  ancient  Greek  modes,  tak- 
ing a  Dorian  tetrachord  as  a  basic  motive,  making  free  use 
of  the  Phrygian,  Lydian,  and  Mixo-Lydian  forms,  and  espe- 
cially by  the  employment  of  the  chromatic  tetrachord.  The 
artistic  possibilities  of  this  tetrachord  are  infinite,  and  it 
lends  itself  to  all  the  requirements  of  ultra-modern  music. 
Furthermore,  it  opens  up  a  hitherto  unexplored  region.  By 
the  use  of  the  first  motive  (Dorian)  and  a  pregnant  phrase 
from  the  First  Hymn  to  Apollo  as  typical  motives,  the  ne- 
cessary unity  was  secured.  The  sudden  changes  in  the  tonal 
characteristics  of  the  ancient  music  were  represented  by 

C    -81    ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

enharmonic  harmonies  which  were  in  every  instance  modal. 
The  instrumental  accompaniment  was  given  by  flutes  and 
clarinets  and  harps,  w hile  the  choruses  were  in  unison,  with 
the  exception  of  a  short  movement  in  six  parts  for  female 
voices,  "Soft  lie  the  earth  upon  her  gentle  breast."  The 
Lament  of  Eumelus, ' '  Woe  for  my  lot, ' '  was  set  for  alto  solo 
with  a  clarinet  obligato.  This  followed  the  ancient  custom, 
as  it  was  always  sung  by  a  (professional)  boy  alto.  Use  was 
made  of  the  paeonic  (|)  meter  in 

"  Hence  is  thy  house,  Admetus,  graced 
Widi  all  that  Plent) 's  hand  bestows," 

and  the  rhythmic  elasticity  of  this  meter  w^as  abundantly 
justified.  In  the  instrumental  introduction  to  the  Hypor- 
cheme  (Dance  Song) ,  "My  venturous  foot  delights  to  tread ' ' 
(^  time) ,  the  Dorian  and  chromatic  tetrachords  combined 
with  the  motive  from  the  Hymn  to  Apollo.  The  song  itself, 
accompanied  by  graceful  dance  figures  suggestive  of  this 
forgotten  form,  carried  out  the  same  themes.  Perhaps  the 
chorus, "This  sorrow  fell  upon  them,"  is  the  most  essen- 
tially Greek  in  character. 

Tuesday  morning,  June  25,  was  devoted  to  the  class 
day  exercises  of  the  Department  of  Literature,  Sci- 
ence, and  the  Arts  and  of  the  Department  of  Engi- 
neering, the  former  being  held  in  the  campus  band 
stand,  the  latter  in  the  Engineering  court.  The  pro- 
gramme was  as  follows: 

DEPARTMENT  OF  LITERATURE,  SCIENCE,  AND  THE  ARTS 

Address.  By  the  Class  President,  Werner  S.  Allison. 
History.  By  Hazel  K.  Wolcott. 
Poem.  By  George  O.  Spaulding. 
Prophecy.  By  Ellen  W.  Moore. 
Oration.  By  Reginald  A.  Collins. 

C  182  ] 


I 


., 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ENGINEERING 

Address.  By  the  Class  President,  Francis  T.  Letchfield. 

History.  By  Clarence  W.  Hannon. 

Poem.  By  Joseph  F.  Hudnut. 

Prophecy.  By  Harry  L.  Brown. 

Oration.  By  IraT.  Hook. 

Address.  By  Dean  Mortimer  E.  Cooley. 

Song.  The  Yellow  and  Blue. 

At  one  o'clock  the  Alumni  Advisory  Council  held  a 
luncheon  at  the  Michigan  Union,  which  was  followed 
by  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Council. 

The  afternoon  programme  began  at  2.30,  when 
fully  five  thousand  spe6lators  witnessed  the  proces- 
sion of  eleven  student  campus  societies,  led  by  the 
University  band.  These  groups  comprised  the  senior 
honorary  societies  of  the  Engineering,  Literary,  and 
Law  departments,  the  Sphinx,  the  Triangles,  the 
Griffins,  the  Foresters,  the  Cosmopolitan  Club,  the 
Michigan  Union,  and  the  Michigamua.  As  the  pro- 
cession passed  the  reviewing  stand  on  the  steps  of 
Memorial  Hall,  each  society  w^as  allotted  time  in 
which  to  present  a  characteristic  performance  of 
some  sort. 

After  the  parade,  the  great  crowd  swarmed  into 
the  pavilion  on  Medic  Green  to  see  the  Michigan 
Union  vaudeville  show. 

Thomas  A.  Bogle,  Jr. ,  as  "  barker,"  announced  the 
following  programme: 

Overture.  By  the  University  Band. 
L  A  Little  Imitation  Music.  "Bill"  Williams. 


C    183   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

II.  An  Oriental  Melange: 

a.  Hindu  Sleight  of  Hand.  Premananda  Das. 

b.  The  Art  of  Jiu  Jitsu.  Kanata  and  Kobayashi. 

c.  Sabre  Fencing.  W.  C.  McCormick  and  Premananda 

Das. 
Japanese  Fencing.  Kinsaku  Tonouchi  and  Tsutomu 
Yamada. 

III.  An  Original  Musical  Act.  Freddie  Lawton,  '11,  and 

Eddie  Howell, '13  E. 

IV.  Musical  Clubs.  The  Glee  and  Mandolin  Club  Quar- 

tettes. 
V.  The  Mimes  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  Miss  Ev- 
erlasting, a  musical  sketch  in  one  act,  by  Francis 
L.  Riordan  and  Robert  G.  Beck.  Music  by  Julius 
Wuerthner  and  Selden  Dickinson. 

The  early  evening  open-air  concert  given  by  the 
University  Glee  and  Mandolin  Clubs  afforded  de- 
lightful entertainment  to  thousands  of  listeners,  who 
lounged  in  comfortable  groups  upon  the  grass  or 
promenaded  beneath  the  trees.  A  "smoker,"  ten- 
dered by  the  University  Club  to  delegates  from  other 
institutions,  and  the  annual  senior  reception  and  ball, 
held  in  the  gymnasiums,  completed  the  events  of  the 
second  day  of  the  celebration. 

Commemoration  Day,  Wednesday,  June  26,  the 
traditional  Alumni  Day,  dawned  bright  and  fair. 
Promptly  at  8 . 1 5  the  morning  bugle  call  was  sounded 
at  the  foot  of  the  old  flag-pole,  after  which  the  26th 
Infantry  Band  struck  up  The  Star  Spangled  Banner, 
and  the  American  flag  was  unfurled. 

At  8.30  the  nine  divisions  of  the  academic  proces- 
sions assembled  at  their  assigned  stations.  The  grad- 
uating classes  formed  in  line  in  the  vicinity  of  their 
[   184  ] 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

respe6live  departments;  the  Regents,  ex-Regents, 
delegates,  candidates  for  honorary  degrees,  specially 
invited  guests,  and  members  of  the  University  Sen- 
ate met  in  the  auditorium  of  University  Hall ;  while 
the  alumni  gathered  at  Memorial  Hall. 

At  nine  o'clock  the  pageant  started,  led  by  the  In- 
fantry Band.  First  place  in  the  procession  was  given 
to  the  alumni,  who  were  followed  by  the  Honor  Sec- 
tion, headed  by  Professor  C.  S.  Denison,  the  Parade 
Marshal,  accompanied  by  two  heralds  and  two  color- 
bearers.  This  division  was  composed  of  President 
Harry  B.  Hutchins,  the  Honorable  Lawrence  Max- 
well, orator  of  the  day,  President  Emeritus  James  B. 
Angell,  Ambassador  Andrew  D.  White,  the  Regents 
and  ex-Regents,  candidates  for  honorary  degrees, 
specially  invited  guests,  and  the  University  Senate. 
As  Guard  of  Honor  one  hundred  seniors  formed  lines 
on  both  sides  of  this  se6lion,  carrying  golden  staves 
wound  with  Michigan  colors.  The  various  graduat- 
ing classes  composed  the  last  division  of  the  line  of 
march.  A  fife  and  drum  corps  occupied  a  position  be- 
tween the  alumni  and  the  Guard  of  Honor  sed^ion, 
while  the  Varsity  band  brought  up  the  rear. 

Under  the  command  of  Chief  Marshal  M.  E. 
Cooley,  the  long  procession  moved  down  the  en- 
tire length  of  the  diagonal  walk,  through  the  arch  of 
the  Engineering  Building,  past  the  Medical  College 
and  the  Gymnasium  to  the  main  entrance  of  the  pavil- 
ion, where  the  head  of  the  columns  halted  and  opened 
ranks  for  the  entrance  of  the  Guard  of  Honor  sec- 
tion, which  was  followed  by  the  alumni  in  a  counter- 
march, and  finally  by  the  graduating  classes. 
C    185   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

The  Commemoration  exercises  in  honor  of  the 
seventy-iifth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  Uni- 
versity opened  promptly  at  ten  o'clock.  After  an 
overture  by  the  21st  Regiment  Band,  of  Detroit, 
prayer  was  offered  by  the  Right  Reverend  Charles 
Sumner  Burch,  of  the  class  of  1875,  Suffragan  Bishop 
of  New  York.  The  Commemoration  address  was  de- 
livered by  the  Honorable  Lawrence  Maxwell,  LL.D., 
of  the  class  of  1 874.  Following  the  oration  of  the  day, 
congratulatory  addresses  were  given  as  follows: 

Representing  the  Endowed  Universities :  Chancellor  El- 
mer Ellsworth  Brown,  ll.d.,  New  York  University. 

Representing  the  Michigan  State  Colleges :  President 
Joseph  William  Mauck,  ll.d.,  Hillsdale  College. 

Representing  the  State  Universities  :  President  William 
OxLEY  Thompson,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  Ohio  State  University. 

The  Reverend  Arthur  W.  Stalker,  D.D.,  of  the  class 
of  1884,  pronounced  the  benedi61:ion. 

The  President's  Luncheon  was  held  at  one  o'clock 
in  the  General  Library , covers  being  laid  for  two  hun- 
dred. Besides  the  President,  the  President  Emeri- 
tus, the  deans  of  the  various  departments,  and  the  Re- 
gents, there  were  present  the  alumni  congressmen, 
the  official  guests  of  the  University,  the  representa- 
tives from  other  universities  and  colleges,  the  recipi- 
ents of  honorary  degrees,  and  the  wives  of  the  guests. 
Following  the  luncheon  speeches  were  made  by  Pres- 
ident Emeritus  James  B.  Angell,  the  Honorable  An- 
drew D.White,  Mr.  Charles  F.  Brush,  and  Professor 
WlUiam  H.  Howell,  of  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

The  alumni  luncheon,  also  held  at  one  o'clock, 
[    186  3 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBR.\TION 

was  served  by  the  local  chapter  of  the  Collegiate 
Alumnae,  in  the  two  large  rooms  of  the  gymnasiums, 
which  were  taxed  to  their  capacity. 

A  band  concert  in  the  portico  of  Memorial  Hall 
was  followed  by  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Alumni 
Association  in  Memorial  Hall. The  Alumni  Memorial 
Hall  Committee,  after  a  service  of  nine  years,  made 
a  final  report  at  this  meeting,  and  was  formally  re- 
lieved from  further  duty.  A  Detroit  alumnus  pro- 
vided funds  for  a  bronze  tablet  bearing  the  names  of 
the  committee,  to  be  placed  in  the  Hall  to  commemo- 
rate their  work  in  making  Memorial  Hall  possible. 
The  members  of  this  group  are:  Claudius  B.  Grant, 
'59y  Vi^lor  C.  Vaughan,  '75,  Edward  W.  Pendleton, 
'72,  Charles  B.  Warren,  '91,  Charles  M.  Burton,  '73, 
F.  H.  Walker,  '73,  Martin  L.  D'Ooge,  '62,  and  Wil- 
liam N.  Brown,  '70  Law. 

At  3.30  p.m.  the  alumni  formed  in  procession  and 
marched  to  Ferry  Field,  where  Michigan  defeated 
Pennsylvania  in  a  hard-fought  game  of  baseball. 

From  four  to  six  o'clock  Dean  and  Mrs.  Vaughan 
gave  a  reception  at  their  home  to  graduates  of  the 
Medical  College.  Between  six  and  eight  o'clock  many 
class  dinners  were  held  at  the  Michigan  Union  and 
elsewhere. 

At  eight  o'clock  occurred  the  campus  illumination 
and  senior  promenade.  The  campus  was  beautifully 
lighted  with  hundreds  of  Japanese  lanterns  strung 
in  rows  along  the  principal  walks.  The  band  concert 
was  preceded  by  an  all-senior  "  sing. "Then  followed 
the  senior  promenade, the  procession  forming  in  front 
of  Memorial  Hall  and  marching  through  University 

c  187 : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Hall,  down  South  University  Avenue  to  the  Engi- 
neering Building,  and  continuing  along  the  diagonal 
walk,  and  up  State  Street,  back  to  the  starting-point. 

The  formal  events  of  the  day  were  concluded  by 
the  Senate  Reception,  in  Memorial  Hall,  tendered  to 
the  delegates,  the  invited  guests,  graduates,  former 
students,  and  other  friends  of  the  University. 

Thursday  morning  ushered  in  the  sixty-eighth  an- 
nual Commencement  and  the  last  day  of  Commemo- 
ration week.  Bugle  call  and  the  ceremony  of  hoisting 
the  flag  preceded  the  formation  of  the  Commence- 
ment procession, which  started  promptly  at  8.30.  Ex- 
cept for  the  relative  positions  of  the  several  divisions, 
the  order  of  march  was  similar  to  that  of  Wednes- 
day, the  various  classes  of  1912  taking  the  lead,  the 
Guard  of  Honor,  the  Senate,  and  the  alumni  follow- 
ing in  regular  succession. 

With  the  sounding  of  reveille  at  ten  o'clock,  the 
exercises  were  opened,  the  great  crowd  having  been 
marshalled  into  the  pavilion  promptly  at  the  appointed 
hour.  The  platform  was  occupied  by  President  Hutch- 
ins,  President  Emeritus  Angell,  the  Regents  and  ex- 
Regents,  the  deans  of  the  several  colleges,  the  can- 
didates for  honorary  degrees,  the  specially  invited 
guests,  and  the  members  of  the  University  Senate. 
The  central  sec^tion  of  seats,  immediately  in  front 
of  the  platform,  had  been  reserved  for  the  parents 
and  friends  of  the  graduates,  the  latter  having  been 
assigned  the  seats  back  of  this  se6lion  and  extend- 
ing to  the  rear  of  the  pavilion.  The  remaining  seats  on 
both  sides  were  filled  by  alumni  and  other  visitors. 
Fully  five  thousand  spe6lators  witnessed  the  exer- 

[  188  :i 


. 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

cises.  The  student  candidates  for  degrees  numbered 
one  thousand  one  hundred  and  forty-six. 

Following  the  invocation  by  the  Right  Reverend 
Bishop  E.  D.  Kelly,  the  Commencement  oration 
was  delivered  by  Professor  Jeremiah  W.  Jenks/yS, 
LL.D.  '03,  his  subject  being,  The  Coming  Citizen- 
ship. At  the  conclusion  of  the  oration  the  graduates  of 
each  of  the  several  departments  and  the  candidates 
for  higher  degrees  marched  across  the  platform  to 
receive  their  diplomas,  after  which  the  thirty-three 
honorary  degrees  were  conferred.  These  degrees 
were  restri6led,in  honor  of  the  anniversary  celebra- 
tion, to  Michigan  alumni  and  to  former  members  of 
the  University  Faculties.  The  last  name  to  be  called 
on  the  honorary  list  was  that  of  Dr.  James  Burrill 
Angell.  Instantly  the  audience  was  upon  its  feet,  and 
cheer  after  cheer  burst  forth  to  acclaim  Michigan's 
youngest  alumnus. 

The  interim  between  the  conclusion  of  the  Com- 
mencementexercises  andthe  annual  Commencement 
dinner  afforded  a  pleasant  social  hour  under  the  cam- 
pus trees.  Here  the  tension  of  the  week  was  suddenly 
relaxed.  Seniors  enjoyed  a  last  quiet  talk  together,  as 
they  met  in  groups  or  moved  about  to  say  their  fare- 
wells. The  older  graduates  reviewed  the  events  of 
the  week,  or  planned  their  next  reunions,  or  strolled 
about  the  familiar  campus. 

At  one  o'clock  the  last  procession  was  formed,  the 
line  of  march  extending  from  Tappan  oak  to  Water- 
man Gymnasium,  where  the  Commencement  din- 
ner was  served.  The  speakers'  table  occupied  a  plat- 
form along  the  north  wall  of  the  room.  Seated  at  this 
[  189  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

table  were  President  and  Mrs.  Hutchins,  President 
Emeritus  Angell,  the  speakers  and  the  Regents,  and 
their  wives. 

Dinner  over,  President  Hutchins  introduced  the 
following  speakers,  each  of  whom  gave  a  brief  ad- 
dress :  The  Honorable  Luther  L.  Wright,  State  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instru6lion,  Dr.  James  B.  Angell, 
Professor  Martin  L.  D'Ooge,  '62,  President  Wood- 
ward ,  '72 ,  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation  of  Washington, 
President  Ethelbert  D.  Warfield,  LL.D.,  of  Lafay- 
ette College,  and  the  Honorable  Andrew  D.  White. 
His  Excellency,  the  Honorable  Chase  S.  Osborn, 
Governor  of  Michigan,  and  former  Regent  of  the 
University,  w^as  unable  to  be  present  to  take  part  in 
the  programme  as  he  had  planned,  but  sent  a  letter 
which  was  read  by  Superintendent  Wright. 

The  occasion  was  a  memorable  one.  It  was  remi- 
niscent of  distant  days  and  early  struggles  and  wor- 
thy achievement;  it  was  likewise  prophetic  of  the 
greater  Michigan  that  is  yet  to  be.  The  graduates, 
the  latest  recruits  in  the  great  army  of  Michigan 
alumni,  were  reminded  of  their  noble  heritage  and  of 
the  great  responsibilities  entrusted  to  them  by  their 
Alma  Mater.  And  youngest  of  them  all,  the  last  to 
be  adopted  as  a  Michigan  alumnus,  was  the  vener- 
able President  Emeritus, Dr.  James  B.  Angell,  whose 
devotion  to  Michigan  has  spanned  more  than  two- 
score  years.  The  many  tributes  paid  to  Dr.  Angell 
at  this  time  were  shared  by  President  Hutchins,  who 
has  been  deemed  worthy  to  take  up  the  responsi- 
bilities of  an  office  which  his  predecessor  had  filled 
so  illustriously. 


t 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 

It  was  late  in  the  afternoon  before  the  assemblage 
broke  up.  Except  for  a  reception  by  Dean  and  Mrs. 
Hinsdale,  at  their  home  on  Forest  Avenue,  to  the 
graduates,  alumni,  and  faculty  of  the  Homoeopathic 
Medical  College ,  the  Comm encement  dinner  brought 
to  a  close  the  sixty-eighth  annual  Commencement 
and  the  Commemoration  of  the  seventy-fifth  anniver- 
sary of  the  founding  of  the  University  of  Michigan. 

J.  R.B. 


[   191    ] 


RESOLUTION  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  REGENTS 
ADOPTED  JULY    l8,   I9I2 

Resolved  :  That  the  Board  express  its  pleas- 
ure and  satisfaction  in  the  marked  success  of 
the  celebration  of  the  Seventy-fifth  Anni- 
versary of  the  Founding  of  the  University 
and  its  grateful  appreciation  of  the  time 
and  energy  so  effectively  expended  by  those 
charged  with  the  responsibilities  of  the  event. 


BOARD  OF  REGENTS 

AND 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  FACULTIES 


I 
I 

i 


BOARD  OF  REGENTS 
AND  MEMBERS  OF  THE  FACULTIES 

THE  REGENTS 

Harry  Burns  Hutchins,  ll.d. 
Pi-esident 

Hon.  John  Henry  Grant 

Hon.  Walter  Huoie  Sawyer 

Hon.  Junius  Emery  Beal 

Hon.  Frank  Bruce  Leland 

Hon.  William  Lawrence  Clements 

Hon.  Harry  Conant  Bulkley 

Hon.  Benjamin  Sawtell  Hanchett 

Hon.  Lucius  Lee  Hubbard 

Hon.  Luther  Lamphear  Wright 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Shirley  Wheeler  Smith 
Secretary  of  the  Boaixl 

Robert  Alexander  Campbell 
Treasurer  of  the  Board 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  FACULTIES 

THE  UNIVERSITY  SENATE 

Harry  Burns  Hutchins,  ll.d.,  President 

James  Burrill  Angell,  ll.d.,  President  Emeritus 

Martin  Luther  D'Ooge,  ph.d.,  ll.d.,  d.utt.,  Professor  of  the  Greek 
Language  and  Literature 

Isaac  Newton  Demmon,  a.m.,  ll.d..  Professor  of  English 

Mortimer  Elwyn  Cooley,  m.e.,  ll.d.,  eng.d.,  Professor  of  Me- 

C    ^95   ] 


^ 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

chanical   Engineering  and    Dean  of  the   Department  of  Engi- 
neering 

WoosTER  Woodruff  Beman,  a.m.,  ll.d.,  Professor  of  Mathematics 

Victor  Clarence  Vaughan,  m.d.,  ph.d.,  ll.d.,  Professor  of  Hygiene 
and  Physiological  Chemistry,  and  Dean  of  the  Department  of 
Medicine  and  Surgery 

Charles  Simeon  Denison,  d.sc,  c.e..  Professor  of  Stereotomy, 

Mechanism,  and  Drawing  9 

Henry  Smith  Carhart,  a.m.,  ll.d..  Professor  Emeritus  of  Physics 

Raymond  Cazalus  Davis,  a.m..  Librarian  Emeritus  and  Le<5turer 
on  Bibliography 

Henry  Carter  Adams,  ph.d.,  ll.d..  Professor  of  Political  Econ- 
omy and  Finance 

Richard  Hudson,  a.m.,  ll.d.,  Professor  Emeritus  of  Histor}' 

Bradley  Martin  Thompson,  m.s.,  ll.b..  Professor  Emeritus  of 
Law 

Albert  Augustus  Stanley,  a.m..  Professor  of  Music 

Francis  Willey  Kelsey,  ph.d.,  ll.d..  Professor  of  the  Latin  Lan- 
guage and  Literature 

Jerome  Cyril  Knowlton,  a.b.,  ll.b.,  Marshall  Professor  of  Law 

Charles  Beylard  Guerard  de  Nancrede,  a.m.,  m.d.,  ll.d..  Pro- 
fessor of  Surger}'  and  Clinical  Surger}^,  and  Diredor  of  Surgical 
Clinics  in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgen,' 

Otis  Coe  Johnson,  ph.c,  a.m..  Professor  Emeritus  of  Chemistiy 

Nelville  Soule  Hoff,  d.d.s..  Professor  of  Prosthetic  Dentistr}' and 
Dean  of  the  College  of  Dental  Surger)' 

Joseph  Baker  Davis,  c.e..  Professor  Emeritus  of  Geodesy  and  Sur- 
veying 

Warren  Plimpton  Lombard,  m.d.,  sc.d.,  Professor  of  Physiology 

Jacob  Ellsworth  Reighard,  ph.b.,  Professor  of  Zoology  and  Di- 
redor  of  the  Zoological  Laboraton,*  and  the  Zoological  Museum 

C    196  ] 


f 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

Thomas  Clarkson  Trueblood,  a.m.,  Professor  of  Oratory 

James  Alexander  Craig,  b.d.,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  Semitic  Lan- 
guages and  Literatures  and  Hellenistic  Greek 

Thomas  Ash  ford  Bogle,  ll.b..  Professor  of  Law  in  Charge  of  the 
Practice  Court 

Wilbert  B.  Hinsdale,  m.s.,  a.m.,  m.d.,  Professor  of  the  Theory 
and  Pradice  of  Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine,  Dean  of  the 
Homoeopathic  Medical  College  and  Diredor  of  the  University 
Hospital  (Homoeopathic) 

Robert  Mark  Wenley,  d.phil.,  sc.d.,  litt.d.,  ll.d..  Professor  of 
Philosophy 

Willis  Alonzo  Dewey,  m.d.,  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics  and  Ading  Professor  of  Mental  and  Nervous  Dis- 
eases, and  Secretary  of  the  Facult}'  in  the  Homoeopathic  Medical 
College 

James  Henry  Brewster,  ph.b,,  ll.b.,  Professor  of  Conveyancing 

Victor  Hugo  Lane,  c.e.,ll.b.,  Fletcher  Professor  of  Law  and  Law 
Librarian 

Horace  Lafayette  Wilgus,  m.s..  Professor  of  Law 

Claudius  Bugh  Kinyon,  m.d..  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Gyne- 
cology in  the  Homoeopathic  Medical  College 

Arthur  Graves  Canfield,  a.m..  Professor  of  the  Romance  Lan- 
guages and  Literatures 

Reuben  Peterson,  a.b.,  m.d..  Bates  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  Wo- 
men and  Children  in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Dean  Tyler  Smith,  b.s.,  m.d..  Professor  of  Surgeiy  and  Clinical 
Surgery  in  the  Homoeopathic  Medical  College 

Robert  Emmet  Bunker,  a.m.,  ll.b.,  Professor  of  Law,  and  Uni- 
versit}'  Counsel 

Fred  Newton  Scott,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  Rhetoric 

Max  Winkler,  ph.d..  Professor  of  the  German  Languages  and 
Literatures 

C    197   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Frederick  George  Now,  m.d.,  sc.d.,  Professor  of  Bafteriology, 
and  Diredor  of  the  Hygienic  Laboratory 

Edward  DeMille  Campbell,  b.s.,  Professor  of  Chemical  Engineer- 
ing and  Analytical  Chemistry,  and  Diredor  of  the  Chemical  Lab- 
oratory 

Allen  Sisson  Whitney,  a.b.,  Professor  of  Education 

FiLiBERT  Roth,  b.s..  Professor  of  Forestry 

G.  Carl  Huber,  m.d.,  Professor  of  Histolog)^  and  Embrj^ology,  and 
Diredor  of  the  Histological  Laborator)^ 

Henry  Moore  Bates,  ph.b.,  ll.b.,  Tappan  Professor  of  Law,  and 
Dean  of  the  Department  of  Law 

Edwin  Charles  Goddard,  ph.b.,  ll.b..  Professor  of  Law,  and  Sec- 
retary of  the  Faculty  of  the  Department  of  Law 

Aldred  Scott  Warthin,  m.d.,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Pathology,  and 
Diredor  of  the  Pathological  Laborator)^  in  the  Department  of 
Medicine  and  Surgery 

Louis  Phillips  Hall,  d.d.s.,  Professor  of  Operative  and  Clinical 
Dentistry 

Egbert  Theodore  Loeffler,b.s.,  d.d.s..  Professor  of  Dental  Thera- 
peutics 

Fred  Manville  Taylor,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Political  Economy  and 
Finance 

Alexander  Ziwet,  c.e..  Professor  of  Mathematics 

Herbert  Charles  Sadler,  sc.d..  Professor  of  Naval  Archite6ture 
and  Marine  Engineering 

MosEs  Gomberg,  sc.d..  Professor  of  Organic  Chemistry 

George  Washington  Patterson,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Ele6hical 

Engineering  m 

Frederick  Charles  Newcombe,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  Botany,  and 

Direftor  of  the  Botanical  Laboratory 
John  Oren  Reed,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Physics,  Diredor  of  the  Physi- 

[    198   ] 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

cal  Laboratory,  and  Dean  of  the  Department  of  Literature,  Sci- 
ence, and  the  Arts 

Theodore  Wesley  Koch,  a.m..  Librarian 

Walter  Robert  Parker,  b.s.,  m.d..  Professor  of  Ophthalmology  in 
the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Roy  Bishop  Canfield,  a.b.,  m.d..  Professor  of  Otolarj'ngology  in 
the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

William  Fleming  Breakey,  m.d..  Professor  of  Dermatology'  and 
Syphilology 

William  Joseph  Hussey,  b.s..  Professor  of  Astronomy,  and  Direc- 
tor of  the  Observatory 

Emil  Lorch,  a.m..  Professor  of  Architedure 

Claude  Halstead  Van  Tyne,  ph.d..  Professor  of  History 

Joseph  Horace  Drake,  ll.b.,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Law 

John  Romain  Rood,  ll.b..  Professor  of  Law 

Edson  Read  Sunderland,  ll.b.,  a.m..  Professor  of  Law 

Albert  Moore  Barrett,  a.b.,  m.d..  Professor  of  Psychiatry  and 
Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System  in  the  Department  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery 

Wiluam  Herbert  Hobbs,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Geolog}-,  and  Direc- 
tor of  the  Geological  Laboratory  and  Geological  Museum 

Charles  Wallis  Edmunds,  a.b.,  m.d..  Professor  of  Therapeutics 
and  Materia  Medica,  and  Secretar}'  of  the  Facult}'  of  the  De- 
partment of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Alfred  Henry  Lloyd,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Philosophy 

MoRiTz  Levi,  a.b.,  Professor  of  French 

John  Robins  Allen,  m.e..  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering 

Joseph  Lybrand  Markley,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Mathematics 

Charles  Horton  Cooley,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Sociology 

Dean   Wentworth   Myers,  m.d..  Professor  of  Ophthalmology, 

C    199   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Otology,   Rhinology,  and    Laryngology   in   the  Homoeopathic 
Medical  College 

S.  Lawrence  Bigelow,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  General  and  Physical 
Chemistry 

George  Linius  Streeter,  a.m.,  m.d.,  Professor  of  Anatomy,  and 
Diredor  of  the  Anatomical  Laboratory 

Julius  Otto  Schlotterbeck,  ph.c,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  Pharma- 
cognosy and  Botany,  and  Dean  of  the  School  of  Pharmacy 

Arthur  Graham  Hall,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Registrar 
of  the  Department  of  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts,  and  Editor 
of  University  Publications 

Edward  Henry  Kraus,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Mineralogy  and  Petro- 
graphy, and  Diredor  of  the  Mineralogical  Laborator}^,  Secretary 
of  the  Graduate  School,  and  Ading  Dean  of  the  Summer  Session 

Marcus  Llewellyn  Ward,  d.d.sc.  Professor  of  Physics  and 
Chemistry  in  the  College  of  Dental  Surgery 

Albion  Walter  Hewlett,  b.s.,  m.d..  Professor  of  Internal  Medi- 
cine, and  Diredor  of  the  Clinical  Laboratory  in  the  Department 
of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Karl  Eugen  Guthe,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  Physics 

George  Luther  Clark,  a.b.,  ll.b..  Professor  of  Law 

Percy  Ash,  c.e..  Professor  of  Archite6hire 

Carl  Leonard  de  Muralt,  m.e.,  e.e..  Professor  of  Eledrical  Engi- 
neering 

Jesse  Siddall  Reeves,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Political  Science 

Earle  Wilbur  Dow,  a.b..  Professor  of  European  Histor}^ 

Walter  Bowers  Pillsbury,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Psychology,  and 
Director  of  the  Psychological  Laboratory 

Alviso  Burdett  Stevens,  ph.c,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  Pharmacy,  and 
Secretar)'  of  the  School  of  Pharmacy 

Evans  Holbrook,  a.b.,  ll.b..  Professor  of  Law 

[    200    ] 


i 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

Clarence  Thomas  Johnston,  c.e.,  Professor  of  Geodesy  and  Sur- 
veying, and  Diredor  of  the  Bogardus  Engineering  Camp 

Harrison  Standish  Smalley,  ph. d.,  Professor  of  Political  Economy 

Ulrich  Bonnell  Philups,  PH.D.,  Professor  of  American  History 

Louis  A.  Strauss,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  English 

Alfred  Holmes  White,  a.b.,  b.s.,  Professor  of  Chemical  Engi- 
neering 

Arthur  Lyon  Cross,  ph.d..  Professor  of  European  History 

Edward  Raymond  Turner,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  European  History 

Henry  Arthur  Sanders,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Latin 

James  Waterman  Glover,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Mathematics  and 
Insurance 

Albert  Emerson  Greene,  ph.b.,  b.s.,  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering 

Charles  Joseph  Tilden,  b.s..  Professor  of  Engineering  Mechanics 

Henry  Earle  Riggs,  a.b.,  c.e.,  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering 

Edward  David  Jones,  ph.d.,  Junior  Professor  of  Commerce  and 
Industry 

John  Robert  Effinger,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  French,  Dean 
of  the  Summer  Session,  and  A6ting  Dean  of  the  Department  of 
Literatui-e,  Science,  and  the  Arts 

Tobias  J.  C.  Diekhoff,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  German 

Henry  Clay  Anderson,  b.m.e.,  Junior  Professor  of  Mechanical 
Engineering 

Cyrenus  Garritt  Darling,  M.D.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Surgery  and 
Demonsti-ator  of  Surger\^  in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and 
Surger)-,  and  Clinical  Professor  of  Oral  Surger}-  in  the  College  of 
Dental  Surger\' 

Campbell  Bonner,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Greek 

Carl  Dudley  Camp,  m.d.,  Clinical  Professor  of  the  Diseases  of  the 
Ner\'Ous  System  in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

C    201     ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

David  Murray  Cowie,  m.d.,  Clinical  Professor  of  Pediatrics  and 
Internal  Medicine  in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

William  Henry  Wait,  ph.d.,  Junior  Professor  of  Modem  Lan- 
guages, in  Charge  of  Modem  Language  Work  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Engineering 

Herbert  Jay  Goulding,  b.s..  Junior  Professor  of  Descriptive 
Geometry  and  Drawing,  and  Ading  Secretary  of  the  Engineer- 
ing Faculty 

John  Strong  Perry  Tatlock,  ph.d.,  Junior  Professor  of  English 

William  Lincoln  Miggett,  m.e..  Junior  Professor  of  Shop  Prac- 
tice, and  Superintendent  of  the  Engineering  Shops 

William  Henry  Butts,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Mathematics, 
and  Assistant  Dean  of  the  Department  of  Engineering 

Ira  Dean  Loree,  m.d..  Clinical  Professor  of  Genito-Urinar)-  Sur- 
gery in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Jonathan  Augustus  Charles  Hildner,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor 
of  German 

Hugo  Paul  Thieme,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  French 

Harrison  McAllister  Randall,  ph.d.,  Junior  Professor  of 
Physics 

Benjamin  Franklin  Bailey,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Eledrical 
Engineering 

Ermine  Cowles  Case,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Historical  Geology 
and  Paleontology,  and  Curator  of  the  Paleontological  Colle6lion 

George  Plumer  Burns,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Botany 

Clarence  Linton  Meader,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Latin,  San- 
skrit, and  General  Linguistics 

Walter  Burton  Ford,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Mathematics 

Ralph  Hamilton  Curtiss,  ph.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Astronomy, 
and  Assistant  Director  of  the  Observatory 

James  Barkley  Pollock,  sc.d..  Junior  Professor  of  Botany 

[    202    ] 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

EwALD  Augustus  Boucke,  ph.d.,  Junior  Professor  of  German 

Joseph  Aldrich  Bursley,  b.s.,  Junior  Professor  of  Mechanical 
Engineering 

Stanislaus  Jan  Zowski    (Zwierzchowski),  dipi..  inc.,  Junior 
Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering 

Calvin  Olin  Davis,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Education,  Inspec- 
tor of  Schools,  and  Vice-Chairman  of  the  Appointment  Committee 

Howard  B.  Merrick,  b.s..  Assistant  Professor  of  Surveying 

Myra  Beach  Jordan,  a.b..  Dean  of  Women  in  the  Department  of 
Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts 

Morris  Palivier  Tilley,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  English 

Thomas  Ernest  Rankin,  a.m..  Assistant  Professor  of  Rhetoric,  and 
Secretar)'  of  the  Summer  Session 

David   Martin   Lichty,   ph.d.,   Assistant   Professor  of  General 
Chemistry 

Warren  Washburn  Florer,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  German 

Arthur  Whitmore  Smith,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Physics 

Archie  Burton  Pierce,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Engineering 
Mechanics 

Theodore  Rudolph  Running,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics 

Peter  Field,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathematics 

Edward  Milton  Bragg,  b.s..  Assistant  Professor  of  Marine  Engi- 
neering and  Naval  Architedlure 

Charles  Philip  Wagner,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Romance 
Languages 

William  D.  Henderson,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Physics 

Otto  Charles  Glaser,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Zoology 

Carl  Edgar  Eggert,  ph.d,.  Assistant  Professor  of  German 

William  Jay  Hale,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  General  Chemistrj' 

C    203    ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 


I 


Charles  Alton  Ellis,  a. b.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering 

Edward  Dunbar  Rich,  c.e.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering 

James  Ambrose  Moyer,  a.m..  Assistant  Professor  of  Mechanical 
Engineering 

Charles  Scott  Berry,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Education 

James  Pyper  Bird,  a.b..  Assistant  Professor  of  French  and  Span- 
ish, and  Secretary  of  the  Engineering  Faculty 

Henry  Harold  Higbie,  e.e..  Assistant  Professor  of  Eledrical  Engi- 
neering 

George  Augustus  May,  m.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Physical 
Training,  and  Diredor  of  the  Waterman  Gymnasium 

John  William  Bradshaw,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics 

Claude  Adelbert  Burrett,  ph.b.,  m.d..  Assistant  Professor  of 
Dermatology,  Genito-Urinary  Diseases,  and  Eledlro-therapeutics, 
and  Registrar  of  the  Homoeopathic  Medical  College 

Ralzemond  Drake  Parker,  m.s..  Assistant  Professor  of  Ele6trical 
Engineering 

Cary  LeRoy  Hill,  a.b.,  m.s.f..  Assistant  Professor  of  Forestry 

Alvin  Christian  Kraenzlein,  d.d.s..  Assistant  Professor  of  Physi- 
cal Training 

Henry  Allen  Gleason,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Botany 

Albert  Robinson  Crittenden,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Latin 

Louis  Charles  Karpinski,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics 

John  Dieterle,  b.d.,  a.m..  Assistant  Professor  of  German  S 

William  Gabb  Smeaton,  a.b..  Assistant  Professor  of  General 
Chemistry 

Lee  Holt  Cone,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Organic  Chemistry 

Russell  Welford  Bunting,  d.d.sc,  Assistant  Professor  of  Dental 
Pathology  and  Histology 

[    204    ] 


«l 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

Willis  Gordon  Stoner,  a.b.,  ll.b.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Law 

Ralph  William  Aigler,  ll.b.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Law 

Walter  MaNxV  Mitchell,  ph.u..  Assistant  Professor  of  Astron- 
omy 

Frederick  Stephen  Breed, ph. d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Education 

Robert  Wilhelm  Hegner,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Zoology 

Victor  Ray  McLucas,  a.b.,  ll.b.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Law 

Walter  Turner  Fishleigh,  a.b.,  b.s..  Assistant  Professor  of  Stere- 
otomy  and  Drawing 

John  Edward  Emswiler,  m.e.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Mechanical 
Engineering 

John  R.  Brumm,  a.m.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Rhetoric 

Calvin  Henry  Kauffman,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Botany 

Catherine  Leighton  Bigelow,  Director  of  the  Barbour  G}Tnna- 
sium 

Alexander  Grant  Ruthven,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Zool- 
og}',  and  Head  Curator  of  the  Museum 

George  Leroy  Jackson,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Education 

Aubrey  Tealdi,  grad.  roy.  tech.  inst.,  livorno,  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor of  Landscape  Design 

Herbert  Richard  Cross,  a.m..  Assistant  Professor  of  Fine  Arts, 
and  Curator  of  the  University'  Art  Colledion 

John  Garrett  Winter, ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Ancient  Lan- 
guages 

John  Frederick  Shepard,  ph.d.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Psychology 

Edgar  Noble  Durfee,  a.b.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Law 

Hobart  Hurd  Willard,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Anahtical 
Chemistry' 

Beverley  Robinson,  b.s..  Assistant  Professor  of  Architedure 
[    205    ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

OTHER  OFFICERS  OF  INSTRUCTION 

INSTRUCTORS  APPOINTED  FOR  THREE  YEARS 

Alice  Louise  Hunt,  Instrudor  in  Drawing 

Edward  Brind  Escott,  m.s.,  Instrudtor  in  Mathematics 

John  William  Scroll,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  German 

Edward  Larrabee  Adams,  ph.d.,  Instru6lor  in  Romance  Lan- 
guages 

Harold  Prell  Breitenbach,  ph.d.,  Instruftor  in  Rhetoric 
Walter  Fred  Hunt,  a.m.,  Instru6tor  in  Mineralogy 
John  Schmutz,  Instrudor  in  Surveying 

Irving  Day  Scott,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  Physiographical  Geology 
Theodore  Lindquist,  m.s.,  Instru6tor  in  Mathematics 
Neil  Hooker  Williams,  m.s.,  Instrudor  in  Physics 
Frank  Howard  Stevens,  b.s.,  Instrudlor  in  Mathematics 
Richard  Dennis  Teall  Hollister,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  Oratory 
Roy  Wood  Sellars,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Philosophy 
Harry  Conrad  Thurnau,  ph.d.,  Instruftor  in  German 
Herbert  Alden  Kenyon,  a.m..  Instructor  in  French  and  Spanish 
William  Aloysius  McLaughlin,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  French 
Karl  Wilhelmj  Zimmerschied,  m.s.,  Instru6lor  in  Chemical  En- 
gineering 
Harry  Hurd  Atwell,  b.s.,  Instru6lor  in  Surveying 

Samuel  Colville  Lind,  ph.d.,  Instructor  in  General  and  Physical 

Chemistry 
Clyde  Elton  Love,  a.m.,  Instrudlor  in  Mathematics 
William  Frederick  Hauhart,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  German 
Wilber  Ray  Humphreys,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  English 
William  Beverly  Stone,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Mathematics 

r  206  ] 


I 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

Charles  Horace  Fessenden,  m.e.,  Instrudor  in  Mechanical  Engi- 
neering 

Herbert  Samuel  Mallory,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Rhetoric 

Joseph  Raleigh  Nelson,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  Rhetoric 

Charles  Bruce  Vibbert,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Philosophy 

William  Van  Nest  Garretson,  m.s.,  Instrudor  in  Mathematics 

Otto  Charles  Marckwardt,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  Rhetoric 

Louis  Allen  Hopkins,  m.s.,  Instrudor  in  Mathematics 

Frank  Richard  Finch,  ph.b.,  Instrudor  in  Descriptive  Geometry 
and  Drawing 

Frederick  William  Weck,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  German 

Vincent  Collins  Poor,  m.s.,  Instrudor  in  Mathematics 

Henri  Theodore  Antoine  de  Leng  Hus,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Botany 

I  Carey  Herbert  Conley,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Rhetoric 

I  Theophil  Henry  Hildebrandt,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Mathematics 

,  I  Rene  Talamon,  LiCENCifi-£s-LETTRES,  Instrudor  in  French 

Elmer  Edwin  Ware,  b.s.,  Instrudor  in  Chemical  Engineering 

Dewitt  Henry  Parker,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Philosophy 

Edge  Taylor  Cope,  3d,  m.e.,  Instrudor  in  Mechanical  Engineering 

Arthur  James  Decker,  b.s.  (c.e.),  Instrudor  in  Engineering  Me- 
chanics 

Herbert  Douglas  Austin,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Romance  Languages 

Albert  Easton  White,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Chemical  Engineering 


APPOINTMENTS   FOR  THE  YEAR  I9II-I912 
INSTRUCTORS 

Robert  Brown  Howell,  d.d.s.,  Instrudor  in  Comparative  Anat- 
omy and  Crown  and  Bridge  W^ork 

[    207    ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Elmer  Leroy  Whitman,  d.d.s.,  Instrudor  in  Prosthetic  Technics 

Robert  John  Carney,  a.b..  Instructor  in  Analytical  Chemistry 

Harry  Newton  Cole,  A.B.,B.s,,Instru6lor  in  Analytical  Chemistry 

Frank  John  Mellencamp,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Physics 

Walter  Francis  Colby,  ph.d..  Instructor  in  Physics 

William  Caldwell  Titcomb,  a.b.,  b.s..  Instructor  in  Architecture 

William  Daniel  Moriarty,  ph.d.,  Instructor  in  English 

James  Gerrit  Van  Zwaluwenburg,  b.s.,m.d.,  Instructor  in  Inter- 
nal Medicine  and  Demonstrator  of  Clinical  Medicine  in  the  De- 
partment of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Carl  Eugene  Parry,  ph.d.,  Instructor  in  Political  Economy  and 
Sociology 

David  Friday,  a.b..  Instructor  in  Political  Economy 

Alfred  Oughton  Lee,  m.d..  Instructor  in  German 

Daniel  Chambers  Miller,  b.s.  (c.e.).  Instructor  in  Descriptive 
Geometry  and  Drawing 

Hugh  Brodie,  b.s..  Instructor  in  Surveying 

Clifton  O'Neal  Carey,  b.s..  Instructor  in  Surveying 

Herbert  Lester  Abbott,  b.s..  Instructor  in  Descriptive  Geometry 
and  Drawing 

William  Frank  Verner,  b.s..  Instructor  in  Mechanical  Engineering 

Frank  Gerow  Tompkins,  a.b.,  Instructor  in  Rhetoric 

Ernest  Peter  Kuhl,  a.m..  Instructor  in  Rhetoric 

Edmund  Wild,  m.s.,  Instructor  in  German 

Albert  Francis  Hurlburt,  a.b..  Instructor  in  French  and  Spanish 

William  Alley  Frayer,  a.b..  Instructor  in  History 

Albert  Eddy  Lyon,  a.b.,  Instructor  in  French  and  Spanish 

Robert  Watson  Clark,  a.b..  Instructor  in  Petrography 

C  208  ] 


f 
I 

I 


I 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

Roy  William  Cowden,  a.b.,  Instrudtor  in  Rhetoric 

Albert  Ross  Bailey,  Instrudor  in  Surveying 

George  Abel  Kamperman,m.d,,  Instrudor  in  Obstetrics  and  Gyne- 
cology in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgerj' 

Daniel  Leslie  Rich,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  Physics 

Charles  Wilford  Cook,  a.b., M.s.,Instru6lor  in  Economic  Geology 

William  Warner  Sleator,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Physics 

Mark  Marshall,  a.b.,  b.s.,  m.d.,  Instrudlor  in  Therapeutics  and 
Materia  Medica 

Frank  Albert  Kristal,  c.e.,  Instrudor  in  Descriptive  Geometry 
and  Drawing 

Harry  Laurence  Tanner, b.s.,  Instrudor  in  Eledrical  Engineering 

Ralph  Robinson  Mellon,  b.s.,  m.d.,  Instrudor  in  Physical  Diag- 
nosis, and  Diredor  of  the  Pathogenetic  Laboratory- in  the  Homoeo- 
pathic Medical  College 

Otis  Merriam  Cope,  a.b.,  m.d.,  Instrudor  in  Physiology 

Robert  Harris  Plaisance,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  French 

Carl  Jenness  Coe,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Mathematics 

Walton  Hale  Hamilton,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Political  Economy 

Marion  Clyde  Wier,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  Rhetoric 

Raymond  Everett,  b.s.,  Instrudor  in  Drawing 

Harry  Albert  McGill,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  History 

Charles  August  Behrens,  b.s.,  Instrudor  in  Baderiology 

Reginald  Copfxand  Plummer,  m.d.,  Instrudor  in  Otolar^Tigolog}' 

George  Byron  Roth,  a.b.,  m.d.,  Instrudor  in  Pharmacology 

RoLLo  Eugene  McCotter,  m.d.,  Instrudor  in  Anatomy 

Matthew  Kollig,  a.b.,  m.d.,  Instrudor  in  Anatomy 

LiTTHER  Fiske  Warren,  A.B.,  M.D.,  Instrudor  in  Clinical  Micro- 
scopy 

C  209  ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Floyd  Earl  Bartell,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  General  and  Physical 
Chemistry 

William  Frederick  Koch,  a.m.,  Instrudor  in  Histology 

Peter  Olaus  Okkelberg,  a.m..  Instructor  in  Zoology 

George  Edward  Wallis,  b.s.,  Instru6tor  in  Mechanical  Engineering 

Alfred  Henry  Lovell,  b.s.,  Instrudor  in  Eledrical  Engineering 

Ferdinand  Northrup  Menefee,  c.e.,  Instrudor  in  Descriptive  Ge- 
ometry and  Drawing 

Franklin  Thomas,  b.e.,  Instrudor  in  Descriptive  Geometr}'  and 
Drawing 

Stanley  Boardman  Wiggins,  b.s.,  Instrudor  in  Descriptive  Ge- 
ometry and  Drawing 

Aaron  Franklin  Shull,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Zoology 

Charles  Milton  Perry,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Philosophy 

Richard  Karl  Hermann  Fey,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  German 

Walter  W.  Stewart,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Political  Economy 

Stuart  McCune  Hamilton,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Commerce  and  In- 
dustry 

George  Rogers  La  Rue,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Zoology 

Benjamin  Bruce  Wallace,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Political  Science 

Carl  Vernon  Weller,  a.b.,  Instrudor  in  Pathology  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Claude  Thomas  Uren,  m.d.,  Instrudor  in  Otolar}-ngology  in  the 
Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Henry  Foster  Adams,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Psychology 

James  Eoier  Harris,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in   General  and  Physical 
Chemistry 

Jesse  Talbot  Littleton,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  Physics 

Solomon  Francis  Gingerich,  ph.d.,  Instrudor  in  English 

[210] 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

Berthold  Bertrand  Grunwalu,  dipl.  inc.,  Instrudor  in  Chemi- 
cal Engineering 

George  McDonald  McConkey,  Instructor  in  Architedure 

Harold  Ford  French,  b.s.  (c.e.),  Instrudor  in  Engineering  Me- 
chanics 

Winfield  Scott  Hubbard,  ph.d.,  Instructor  in  Pharmacy 

Whiting  Alden,  a.b.,  m.s.f.,  Instructor  in  Forestry 

Leigh  Jarvis  Young,  a.b.,  m.s.f.,  Instructor  in  Forestry 

Mitchell  Bennett  Garrett,  ph.d..  Instructor  in  Histor\' 

Roy  Kenneth  McAlpine,  a.b..  Instructor  in  Anahtical  Chemistr^- 

Walter  Robert  Rathke,  a.b..  Instructor  in  French  and  Spanish 

Abraham  Manuel  Fox,  c.e..  Instructor  in  Descriptive  Geometr\' 
and  Drawing 

John  Fay  Wilson,  b.s..  Instructor  in  EleCtrical  Engineering 

Burton  George  Grim,  a.b..  Instructor  in  Rhetoric 

D.  R.  Scott,  a.b.,  b.s..  Instructor  in  Political  Economy 

DEMONSTRATORS  AND  ASSISTANTS 

George  Slocum,  m.d..  Demonstrator  in  Ophthahiiology  in  the  De- 
partment of  Medicine  and  Surgery- 

Conrad  Georg,  Jr.,  a.b.,  m.d..  Demonstrator  of  Surger\-  in  the 
Department  of  Medicine  and  Surger)- 

Theophile  Klingmann,  ph.c,  m.d..  Demonstrator  of  Diseases  of  the 
Mind  and  Nervous  S}'stem  in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery 

Albert  E.  Wilson,  d.d.s.,  Demonstrator  of  Technical  Dentistn*- 

James  Fleming  Breakey,  m.d..  Assistant  in  Dermatology  in  the  De- 
partment of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Frederick  Rice  Waldron,  ph.b.,  m.d..  First  Assistant  in  Surgery 
in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surger}' 

C  2H    ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

Frances  Jewett  Dunbar,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Zoology 

James  Gordon  Gumming,  m.d..  Assistant  in  Hygiene,  in  Gharge  of 
the  Pasteur  Institute 

Robert  Gordon  MacKenzie,  a.b.,  m.d.,  Second  Assistant  in  Sur- 
gery in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Glara  Bell  Dunn,  a.m..  Assistant  in  Rhetoric 

George  Milton  Kline,  m.d..  Assistant  in  Psychiatry 

Elizabeth  Dorothy  Wuist,  m.s.,  Assistant  in  Botany 

Harry  Wolven  Grane,  a.m..  Assistant  in  Sociology 

Almus  a.  Hale,  Assistant  in  the  Roentgen  Laborator}^  and  Clini- 
cal Photographer 

Eva  Rawlings,  m.d.,  Pathologist  in  the  State  Psychopathic  Hos- 
pital 

Gladys  Edna  Topping,  Laboratory-  Assistant  in  the  State  Psycho- 
pathic Hospital 

Harry  Hrand  Migerdich  Malejan,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Baderiology 

George  Morris  Curtis,  a.m..  Assistant  in  Zoology  and  Histology 

Cecil  Heyward  Williams,  a.m.,  Teaching  Assistant  in  German 

Evelyn  Thayer  Derry,  Assistant  in  the  Barbour  G}Tnnasium 

George  Lawrence  Keenan,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Botany 

George  Eves,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Orator\'^ 

Horace  Burrington  Baker,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Zo6log\' 

Joseph  Ralston  Hayden,  a.m..  Assistant  in  American  Histor\' 

John  Hibbard  Pettis,  a.b.,  m.d..  Chief  of  the  Surgical  Clinic  in  the 
Department  of  Medicine  and  Surger\^ 

Charles  Lee  Washburn,  m.d.,  Demonstrator  of  Orthopedics  in  the 
Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

James  Howard  Agnew,  a.m., m.d.,  First  Assistant  in  Internal  Medi- 
cine in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surger}^ 

[    212    ] 


I 


JSBJ 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

Carleton  Ira  Wood,  a.b.,  Laborator}'  Assistant  in  Clinical  Medi- 
cine in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

George  Stanley  Rutherford,  b.s.,  Teaching  Assistant  in  General 
and  Physical  Chemistry 

Arthur  Floyd  Schlichting,  ph.c,  Assistant  in  Pharmacy 

Leonard  Waterman,  b.s.,  Assistant  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy 

Frank  Caleb  Gates,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Botany 

Howard  Bugh  Kinyon,  m.d..  Assistant  in  GjTiecology  and  Obstet- 
rics 

Joseph  George  Black,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Orator}' 

Thomas  Earl  Howard  Black,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Oratory 

James  Owen  Perrine,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Physics 

Edith  Anne  Taylor,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Rhetoric 

Fannie  Bernice  Biggs,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Rhetoric 

Emory  Walter  Sink,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Zoology 

Charles  Herbert  Rogers,  ph.b.,  ph.c,  Assistant  in  Pharmacy 

Arthur  Randolph  Ernst,  ph.g.,  m.d..  Assistant  in  Internal  Medi- 
cine in  the  Homoeopathic  Medical  College 

Phil  Lewis  Marsh,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Histology 

Roy  Webster  Pryer,  ph.c,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Hygiene 

Chester  Albert  Struby,  ph.c.  Assistant  in  Hygiene 

Charles  George  Sinclair,  b.s..  Assistant  in  the  Pasteur  Institute 

William  Allder  Perkins,  Assistant  in  Baderiology 

Chester  Arthur  Doty,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Physiological  Chemistry 

Henry  Lee  Wenner,  Jr.,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Physiology 

Daniel  Cecil  Post,  m.d..  Third  Assistant  in  Surgery  in  the  De- 
partment of  Medicine  and  Surger\' 

Charles  Reuben  Lowe,  m.d..  Assistant  in  Psychiatry 
[    213   ] 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

SoBEi  Ide,  M.D.,  Laboratory  Assistant  in  the  Psychopathic  Hospital 

Wayne  Alexander  Cochrane,  m.d.,  Assistant  in  Ophthahnology 
in  the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Ferris  Nicholas  Smith,  a.b.,  m.d..  Assistant  in  Otolarj^ngology  in 
the  Department  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 

Alfred  Lynn  Ferguson,  a.m.,  Teaching  Assistant  in  General  and 
Physical  Chemistry 

Laurence  Crane  Johnson,  b.s.,  Teaching  Assistant  in  General  and 
Physical  Chemistry 

Samuel  Horner  Regester,a.m.,  Teaching  Assistant  in  General  and 
Physical  Chemistry 

Mark  Edson  Putnam,  m.s..  Teaching  Assistant  in  Organic  Chem- 
istry 

Robert  Lee  Jickling,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Organic  Chemistry 

Bert  Edwin  Quick,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Botany 

George  Newton  Fuller,  a.m..  Assistant  in  History 

Margaret  Atwell  Stone,  a.b..  Assistant  in  History 

Harold  Edward  Wiluams,  a.b..  Assistant  in  American  History 

Frank  Clyde  Cole,  d.d.s..  Demonstrator  of  Clinical  Dentistry 

Roy  Hampton  Purdy,  d.d.s..  Demonstrator  of  Clinical  Dentistry 

Earl  F.  Randolph,  d.d.s.,  Demonstrator  of  Clinical  Dentistry 

Alfred  Edwin  Lussky,  a.m..  Teaching  Assistant  in  German 

George  Bradford  Corless,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Mineralogy 

LuciEN  Helm  Greathouse,  a.b..  Teaching  Assistant  in  Anahtical 
Chemistry 

Leslie  Ernest  Butterfield,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Oratory 

Chester  Hume  Forsyth,  a.m..  Teaching  Assistant  in  Mathematics 

Russell  Claudius  Hussey,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Geology 

Elizabeth  Lockwood  Thompson,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Zoology 

C   2,4   3 


I 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

George  Waddell  Snedecor,  b.s.,  Assistant  in  Physics 

Louis  Kossuth  Oppitz,  a.m.,  Assistant  in  Physics 

Otto  Werner  Bauer,  b.e.e..  Assistant  in  Engineering  Mechanics 

Ernest  William  Ki.atte,  b.s.  (c.e.).  Assistant  in  Civil  Engineer- 
ing 

Heinrich  Wilhelm  Albert  Reye,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Physiology 

Roy  Hinman  Holmes,  a.b..  Assistant  in  English 

Mervin  Kaufman  Baer,  a.b.,  m.s.f.,  Assistant  in  Mechanical  Engi- 
neering 

Matthew  Rhodes  Blish,  b.m.e..  Assistant  in  Mechanical  Engineer- 
ing 

Theodore  Wilson  Fowle,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Chemical  Engineering 

Edwin  Griffin  Pierce,  ph.b..  Assistant  in  Chemical  Engineering 

Ray  Hottf.y  Baldwin,  a.b..  Assistant  in  History 

Reed  Chambers,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Baderiology 

Fay  Goodcell  Clark,  a.b.,  Assistant  in  Forestry 

Leroy  Melville  Coffin,  b.s.,  Assistant  in  Mathematics 

Coryden  Patten  Cronk,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Forestry 

Lewis  Ernest  Daniels,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Forestr}' 

Edward  Shutts  George,  d.d.s..  Demonstrator  of  Clinical  Den- 
tistry 

George  Wellman  Hess,  a.m.,  Assistant  in  Mathematics 

Herbert  Frederick  Lindsay,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Forestry 

Frank  Benjamin  MacMullen,  m.d.,  Assistant  in  Ophthalmology 
in  the  Homoeopathic  Medical  College 

Norman  William  Scherer,  b.s..  Assistant  in  Botany 

George  Lawrence  Verplanke,  m.d..  Assistant  in  Surgery  in  the 
Homoeopathic  Medical  College 

Grace  Schwendler  Davis,  a.b..  Assistant  in  Latin 

c  2>5 : 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN 

FELLOWS  WITH  DUTIES  OF  ASSISTANTS 

James  Henry  Baxter,  a.b.,  Fellow  in  Mathematics 
Sarah  Davina  McKay,  a.b.,  Fellow  in  Psychology 
Gilbert  Hawthorne  Taylor,  a.b.,  Fellow  in  Latin 
Lambert  Thorpe,  b.s.,  Fellow  in  Chemistry 
Fred  Burkhardt  Wahr,  a.b..  Fellow  in  German 
Clarence  Jay  West,  b.s.,  Fellow  in  Chemistry 


non-resident  lecturers  on  special  topics  for 

1911-1912 

John  Bertrand  Clayberg,  ll.b.,  Ledurer  on  Mining  Law  and  on 
Irrigation  Law 

Frank  Fremont  Reed,  a.b.,  Le6lurer  on  Copyright  Law 

Albert  Henry  Walker,  ll.b.,  Ledurer  on  Patent  Law  and  the 
Law  of  Trademarks 

Dallas  Boudeman,  m.s.,  LeAurer  on  Statute  Law 

Milton  Tate  Watson,  d.d.s.,  Le6lurer  on  Orthodontia 

Edward  Sidney  Rogers,  ll.b.,  Lecturer  on  CopjTight  Law 

Lawrence  Maxwell,  ll.d.,  Lefturer  on  Legal  Ethics 

Oscar  Russell  Long,  m.d.,  Ledturer  on  Mental  Diseases  (in  the 
Homoeopathic  Medical  College) 

OssiAN  Cole  Simonds,  c.e.,  Ledurer  on  Landscape  Gardening 

Frank  Leverett,  b.s.,  Ledurer  on  Glacial  Geology 

Roland  Craten  Allen,  a.m.,  Ledlurer  on  Geology 

Bert  J.  Denman,  b.s.  (c.e.),  Ledlurer  on  Eledrical  Engineering 

Chalmers  J.  Lyons,  d.d.s.,  Ledurer  on  Clinical  Dentistr)- 

George  Lewis  Canfield,  a.b.,  Ledurer  on  Admiralty  Law 


I 


C   216  •] 


REGENTS  AND  FACULTIES 

Herbert  Hutchinson  Harper,  d.d.s.,  Ledurer  on  Clinical  Den- 
tistry 

Clarence  Ashley  Lightner,  a.b.,  Ledurer  on  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence 


NON-RESIDENT  INSTRUCTORS  IN  SUMMER  SESSION  OF 
19  11 
John  Leonard  Conger,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  History 
Fred  Harvey  Hall  Calhoun,  ph.d..  Professor  of  Geology 
John  J.  Findlay,  ph.d.,  Professor  of  Education 
Frank  Smith,  a.m.,  Associate  Professor  of  Zoology 
Robert  H.  Baker,  ph.d..  Assistant  Professor  of  Astronomy 
Arthur  C.  Cole,  ph.d.,  Instnidtor  in  History 


I 


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